Chiropractic Part 1 Boards

Astrocyte

Most numerous cell of the CNS

Notochord

Includes ectoderm to form neuroectoderm

remnant IVD as "Nucleus Pulposus"

Foramen Ovale

becomes fossa ovalis

Ductus Arteriosus

becomes ligamentum arteriosum

Umbilical Vein

becomes ligamentum teres

Umbilical Artery

becomes medial umbilical ligaments

Urachus

becomes duct of allanois

Oligodendrocytes

form myelin around the CNS

Telencephalon

(from Prosencephalon)

Forebrain (higher function)

CN I (Olfactory)

Lateral Ventricles separated by Septum Pellucidum.

Diencephalon

(from Prosencephalon)

Thalamus

hypothalamus

pineal

retina

posterior pituitary

CN II (Optic)

Foramen Monroe = 1st/2nd to 3rd Ventricle

Mesencephalon

(from Mesencephalon)

Midbrain

CN III (Oculomotor)

CN IV (Trochlear)

Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius

Metencephalon

(from Rhomboencephalon)

Pons & Cerebellum

CN V (Trigeminal)

CN VI (Abducens)

CN VII (Facial)

CN VIII (Vestibular)

4th Ventricle

Myelencephalon

(from Rhomboencephalon)

Medulla Oblongata

CN IX (Glossopharyngeal)

CN X ( Vagus)

CN XI (Spinal Accessory)

CN XII (Hypoglossus)

4th ventricle

Circle of Willis

Arterial anastomosis

1. bloody supply between forebrain & hindbrain

2. anatomically between pituitary gland & optic chiasm

3. internal carotid & vertebral arteries supply circle

4. ant/post cerebral & ant/post communicating make circle.

Middle Cerebral Artery

MC location for cerebral vascular accident

Subarachnoid space

location for lumbar spinal tap, between arachnoid and pia mater.

L1/L2, at conus medullaris, followed by cauda equina - the roots for lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves through the lumbar cistern.

Where does spinal cord terminate?

Bell Magendi Law

Dorsal Roots - sensory, afferent

Ventral Roots - motor, efferent

Chorea (quick movements)

Damage to Basal Ganglia will cause?

Parkinson's Disease

due to neuronal degradation of the substantia nigra "Lewey Bodies". Associated with resting tremor and shuffling gate.

Cerebral Aqueduct of Sylvius

CSF exchange between 3rd and 4th Ventricles

PURKINJE (main one to know), Golgi II, Stellate, Basket, and Granular

Grey Matter neuron cell types in the cerebellum

Cerebral Nuclei

(from medial to lateral)

1. Fastigial

2. Globus

3. Emboliform

4. Dentate

Deiters Nucleus

lateral vestibular

Meynert's Nucleus

forebrain, has ACH

Raphe Nucleus

medulla oblongata, serotonin

Lenticular Nucleus

part of corpus striatum

Precentral Gyrus

primary motor nucleus (motor is in the front of the car)

Postcentral Gyrus

primary sensory nucleus

UMNL

increased deep tendon reflexes and muscle tone, positive pathological reflexes, spasticity, hypertrophy, clonus, decreased BILATERAL superficial reflexes

LMNL

decreased deep tendon reflexes and muscle tone, negative pathological reflexes, flaccidity, atrophy, fasciculations, decreased UNILATERAL superficial reflexes.

Schwann Cell

produces myelin in the PNS

Phrenic Nerve

C3, C4, C5 keep the diaphragm alive

Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve

L2, L3 sensory to the lateral thigh, branches to the peritoneum. Meralgia Paresthesia is compression of this nerve. "Shes 23 (L2, L3) and too Cute (cutaneous) for me"

Common Peroneal Nerve

L4-S2, foot drop! sensory to anterior leg and foot, motor to all muscles of the back of the thigh, leg and foot.

Brachial Plexus

Know all but focus on Cords and Branches

Parasympathetic CN

CN III, CN VII, CN IX, CN X

Middle Meningeal Artery

Exits foramen spinosum and is damaged when there is injury to the PTERION (jnx of the sphenoid, temporal, frontal and parietal bones) - could cause death.

(ANS) Sympathetics

axons include T1-L2/L3, short pre-ganglionic (ACH), long post-ganglionic (E or NE)

(ANS) Parasympathetics

axons include CN's III, VII, IX, X & S2-S4, long pre-ganglionic (ACH), short post-ganglionic (ACH)

Coronal Suture

between Frontal and Parietal bones

Sagittal Suture

between Parietal bones

Lambdoid Suture

between Parietal and Occipital bones

Squamous Suture

between Temporal and Parietal bones

Primary ossification centers (Vertebrae)

1- Body (centrum)

1 - each vertebral arch (becomes lamina and pedicle)

Secondary ossification centers (Vertebrae)

1- tip of spinous process

2- Transverse process's

2- annular ring epiphysis (S & I aspects of body)

1st rib (atypical)

shortest, scalene tubercle location, supports subclavian vessels

2nd rib (atypical)

thinner, 2x length of rib 1, serratus anterior tuberosity

11th & 12th rib (atypical)

short, no neck or tubercle, floaters, single facet on head.

Xiphoid process Landmarks

1. the diaphragm

2. diaphragmatic border of the liver

3. inferior border of the heart

Cervical Landmarks

1. Hyoid Bone - C3

2. Cornu of Thyroid - C4

3. Body of Thyroid - C5

4. Cricoid cartilage - C6

5. Carotid Tubercle - C6

Suboccipital Triangle

Superior Oblique, Inferior Oblique and Rectus Captitis Posterior Major. Roof - Semispinalis capitis, Floor - Posterior Atlanto-occipital membrane. Contains - Suboccipital nerve & VERTEBRAL A.

Quadratus Lumborum

Origin: TP of L3-L5, iliac crest, iliolumbar lig.

Insertion: Lower border of last rib, TP of L1-L3

Innervation: Subcostal, L1-L3

Action: Depresses rib 12, flexes trunk laterally

Psoas Major

Origin: TP, body and discs of T12-L5

Insertion: Lesser Trochanter

Innervation: L2-L3

Action: Flexes thigh & trunk

*femoral nerve pierces it!

Cremaster

Origin: Inguinal Ligament, lower internal oblique

Insertion: Pubic Tubercle & crest

Innervation: Genitofemoral

Action: Retracts testes

Rectus Abdominis

Origin: Pubic Crest & Pubic Symphysis

Insertion: Xiphoid & 5-7 costal cartilages

Innervation: Intercostal T7-T11, Subcostal (T12)

Action: Depresses ribs and flexes trunk

Levator Ani Muscles

1. Pubococcygeus: (pubis-coccyx) supports pelvic viscera

2. Puborectalis: (pubis-"u" shaped rectal sling) resists increased abdominal pressure

3. Iliococcygeus: (pelvic fascia tendinous arch & ischial spine-coccyx & anococcygeal ligament) completes pelvic floor

*all innervated by S3-S4 and pudendal nerve

Pudendal nerve

passes through the greater and lesser sciatic foramen

Atlanto Occipital

Name aka for ALL from atlas to occiput

Membrane tectoria

What is PLL called from axis to occiput

Ligamentum Nucha

Which ligament is located from C7-occiput

Ligamentum Flavum and PLL

What ligaments can effect the IVF

Anterior 2/3 (sweet, sour, salty)

CN VII-chorda tympani-ptrygopalatine-solitary tract and nucleus

Posterior 1/3 (bitter) CN IX

Nerve supply to tongue for taste

CN I to cribiform plate of ethmoid bone-lateral olfactory stria-UNCUS-subcallosal gyrus

Nerve supply for olfaction

Retina

optic nerve

optic chiasm

optic tract

lateral geniculate nucleus

optic radiations

calcarine fissue of the occipital lobe

Nerve supply for vision

Fovea Centralis

(only cones) center of greatest acuity

Auditory tube aka Eustachian tube

middle ear to the nasopharyngeal area

Cochlea

perilymph, base tympanic membrane, high pitch

Optic Disc

blind spot

they are Glycosidic (alpha=digestible, beta=indigestible) (straight chain=1-4, branched=1-6)

Describe CHO bonds

Amylopectin has less frequency, but longer branches than glycogen, glycogen is highly branched

Amylopectin vs Glycogen

CHO Digestion is Small Intestine

Sucrose -> Glucose + Fructose (Sucrase)

Lactose -> Glucose + Galactose (Lactase)

Maltose -> Glucose + Glucose (Maltase)

Saturated Fatty Acids

no C-C double bond, filled with H2, heavy dense solid at room temp

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

one C-C double bond, liquid at room temp

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

more then one C-C double bond liquid at room temp

Cholesterol

belongs to sterol group, requires ATP, Mg and NADPH, used to make cell membranes, bile salts & steroid hormones, liver converts cholesterol into bile, bile emulsifies fat, precursors to Cholesterol: Mevalonate, Acetyl CoA, Squalene & HMG CoA.

Chylomicron (made in intestinal mucosa)

Only Lipoprotein not made in the liver

CARnetine "car drives into the mitochondria"

Beta Oxidation requires _____________ to transport the fatty acid chain into the mitochondria

Malonyl CoA (most important)

Intermediate produced during lipogenesis is?

Mitochondria

Krebs Cycle location

Inner mitochondria

ETC location

Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan - (PVT)

Methionine, Threonine - (MT)

Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine - (HILL)

Essential Amino Acids

Aliphatic Chain

(from least to most hydrophilic) Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine

Seratonin

Precursor for Typtophan

GABA

Precursor for Glutamate

Histamine

Precursor for Histidine

Creatine

Precursor for Glycine/Arginine

Key Conversions

Alanine <----->Pyruvate

Glutamine<--->Glutamate<--->alpha Ketoglutarate

Asparagine<--->Aspartate<--->Oxaloacetate

Peptide Bond

Bonds between amino acids is called?

Protein Structures

Primary - # & sequence of AA

Secondary - alpha helix & beta pleated sheets

Tertiary - Maximally "folded" for function

Quaternary - More then one chain, ex hemoglobin

B1 Thiamine

active form - thiamine pyrophosphate

reaction - oxidative decarboxylation

deficiency - Beri Beri, tachycardia, Wernicke's (alcoholic)

source - wheat germ, pork, oatmeal

B2 Riboflavin

active form - FAD, FADH, FMN, FMNH2

reaction - Oxidation/Reduction

deficiency - cheilosis, blurred vision

notes - magenta toungue, from beef chicken liver, egg

B3 Niacin

active form - NAD, NADH, NADP, NADPH

reaction - Oxidative/Reduction

deficiency-pellegra(dermatitis,diarrhea,dementia,death)

source - liver, tuna, oatmeal

B5 Pantothenic acid

active form - pantothenic acid

reaction - coenzyme A

deficiency - rare, burning feet, malaise

source - sunflower seeds, beef, chicken

B6 Pyridoxine

active form - pyridoxal phosphate

reaction - transamination

deficiency - convulsions (infants),dermatitis,loss myelin

source - liver, banana

B9 Folic Acid

active form - tetrahydro folate

reaction - methyl transfer

deficiency - macrocytic anemia

notes - prevents neural tube defects

B12 Cyanocobalamin

active form - deoxy-adenosyl cobalamin

reaction - methyl transfer

deficiency - macrocytic anemia

notes - needs IF from stomach to be absorbed

Biotin

active form - biotin

reaction - carboxylation

deficiency - glossitis, dermatitis, Avidin in raw eggs prevents absorption

C Ascorbic Acid

active form - reduced state

reaction - collagen synthesis

deficiency - Scurvy & bleeding gums

Bioflavinoids

white part of fruit, helps absorb the Vitamin C