A&P 2 Chapter 16 Notes

What Are The True Endocrine Glands?

• pituitary gland

• adrenal glands

• thyroid gland

• parathyroid glands

PATP!

What Are The Differences Between The Nervous System And The Endocrine System?

• mediator = neurotransmitters vs hormones

• target = muscle/glands vs body cells

• speed = faster vs slower

• duration = brief vs long lasting

left is nervous system, right is endocrine

What Is The Hormone Activity?

• plasma proteins = cell receptors

• lipid soluble hormones = transport in blood

  • need plasma proteins

  • rides proteins in blood, goes into cell

• water soluble hormones = transport into cells

  • can’t enter cell, uses second messenger

• mechanism = lipid soluble hormones

  • activate DNA/genes → protein synthesis

What Are The Anterior Pituitary Hormones?

• hGH = human growth hormone

• TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone

• ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone

• FSH = follicle stimulating hormone

• LH = luteinizing hormone

• PRL = prolactin

What Is The Human Growth Hormone?

• target = liver, muscle, bone

• action = stimulates insulin growth factors, growth, protein synthesis, lipolysis

• disorders = dwarfism (too little), gigantism/acromegly (too much)

also known as hGH

What Is The Thyroid Stimulating Hormone?

• target = thyroid follicular cells

• action = stimulates T3/T4 secretions

• disorders = hypothyroid (too little), hyperthyroid (too much)

also known as TSH

What Is The Adrenocorticotropic Hormone?

• target = adrenal cortex

• action = stimulates cortisol secretions

• disorders = Addisons disease (too little), Cushing’s syndrome (too much)

also known as ACTH

What Are The Posterior Pituitary Hormones?

• ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

• oxytocin (OXT)

hormones are made and released from the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary

What Are The Thyroid Glands?

• follicular cells = T3/T4

• parafollicular cells = calcitonin

What Are The T3/T4 Cells?

• target = most body cells

• action = increase metabolism, increase lipolysis, growth, use glucose/fatty acids

• disorders = myxedem/cretinism/goiter (too little), Graves’ disease/exophthalmos (too much)

What Is Calcitonin?

• target = osteoclasts

• action = inhibits osteoclasts (puts calcium into bone)

• disorders = none

What Is The Parathyroid Hormone?

• target = osteoclasts

• action = stimulates osteoclasts, release calcium from bone, kidney reabsorbs calcium, activates vitamin D (calcitriol)

• disorders = none

also known as PTH

What Is The Adrenal Gland?

• adrenal cortex = outer region

  • outer = mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

  • middle = glucocorticoids (cortisol)

  • inner = gonadocorticoids (sex hormones)

• adrenal medulla = inner region

  • produces epinephrine/norepinephrine

What Is Cortisol?

• target = muscle, liver, fat, white blood cells

• action = stress resistance, suppresses immune system, decreases inflammation, protein breakdown, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

• disorders = Addisons disease (too little), Cushing’s syndrome (too much)

What Is Epinephrine & Norepinephrine?

• target = heart, blood vessels, airways

• action = fight or flight responses, enhances sympathetic nervous system

• disorders = none

What Is The Pancreas?

• 1% = islets of langerhans (pancreatic islets)

  • alpha cells = glucagon

  • beta cells = insulin

What Is Insulin?

• target = mostly body cells, liver, fat tissue

• action = lowers blood glucose, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein synthesis

• disorders = diabetes mellitus

What Is Glucagon?

• target = liver

• action = raises blood glucose, glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis

• disorders = none