English 2 Honors - 10th Grade Midterm Review

What are the two acronyms that we use for annotating texts and to analyze the rhetorical (language) devices?

DIDLS and TWIST

Diction

the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing.

Imagery

a picture created by utilizing the reader's five senses (sight, taste, touch, hear, and smell)

Details

pieces of information that support or tell more about the main idea (literal information vs figurative)

Language

the more figurative choices an author uses in their writing

Syntax

Sentence structure

Tone

Attitude a writer takes toward the audience, a subject, or a character (how the author feels)

Mood

Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader (how the audience feels)

Plot

the sequence of actions or events in a literary work

Theme

Central idea or message of a work of literature

What are the intents the author may have for writing something? (there are more, but these are the bare bones)

persuade, inform or entertain

The main intent is reinforced by the what?

appeals on the audience

pathos

Appeal to emotion

Ethos

appeal to the audience's ethics and the author's overall credibility as a speaker

Logos

Appeal to logic

Kairos

Appeal to timeliness (the pop culture of that time period the text was written)

The appeals are created through the what?

rhetorical and literary devices

Freytag's Pyramid

Used as a tool examine the overall plot of a story (exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution)

Exposition

When the characters, setting and overall conflict.problem is introduced in a story

Rising Action

the conflict escalates and the protagonist grows

Climax

the conflict is at its peak and it is the turning point of the story

falling action

The conflict starts to deescalate and problem starts to wrap up

Resolution

End of the story where loose ends are tied up

1st Person Narration

When the author or a character uses the pronouns "I," "me," "we," etc. The most biased

2nd Person Narration

When the author or character uses the pronouns "you," "your," etc. This is when the author is talking directly to the audience or is telling a story about the audience.

3rd Person Narration

when the author/narrator is not a character in the story and uses the pronouns he, she, they, etc. The least amount of bias

omniscient narrator

knowing everything; having unlimited awareness or understanding

limited narrator

a narrator who presents the story as it is seen and understood by a single character and restricts information to what is seen, heard, thought, or felt by that one character

epic poem

A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds

folk tales

stories handed down, usually by word of mouth, from generation to generation. These are used to teach a lesson

myths

Stories that people tell to explain beliefs about their world. Incorporates religion, science and folklore

the willing hero

Wants to be a hero above all else and runs toward danger, noted for bravery, overcomes obstacles

the unwilling hero

the hero who is thrust into his journey and is filled with self-doubt

tragic hero

a hero who is deeply flawed and that flaw leads to their undoing; however, the hero is not to be scorned, but rather pitied. Loses everything through a reversal in fortune.

Classical hero

one of the most common in literature. They are perfect, almost impossibly so. the hero is courageous and eager to do what's right.

Anti-hero

is not traditionally heroic. They pursue what THEY believes is good. They often lack the courage to do the right thing and is only loyal to themself. They are definitely not squeaky clean. However, they are no villain either. Your reader can see that he's truly a hero in disguise and eventually will do what's right.

epic hero

hero is somewhat of a legend. He represents the best of a culture, and therefore becomes larger than any one person. Whether the culture is noted for its self-sacrifice, its humility or its strength, your epic hero will embody that quality. This hero starts out as an ordinary person, contemporary with his time. However, as the story unfolds, the hero becomes more apparent. He's noted for quick-thinking, selflessness and/ or endurance. While the hero is usually on a physical journey, his inner journey is just as interesting to explore. When this hero comes face to face with evil, he must first fight the inner battle.

The 7 traits of an epic hero

-Noble Birth

-Capable of deeds of great strength and courage

-Great warrior

-Travels over a vast setting

-National heroism

-Humility

-Faces supernatural foes and/or receives supernatural help

Hero Journey-ordinary world

This is where the Hero's exists before his present story begins, oblivious of the adventures to come. It's his safe place. His everyday life where we learn crucial details about our Hero, his true nature, capabilities and outlook on life. This anchors the Hero as a human, just like you and me, and makes it easier for us to identify with him and hence later, empathize with his plight.

Hero journey-call to adventure

The Hero's adventure begins when he receives a call to action, such as a direct threat to his safety, his family, his way of life or to the peace of the community in which he lives. It may not be as dramatic as a gunshot, but simply a phone call or conversation but whatever the call is, and however it manifests itself, it ultimately disrupts the comfort of the Hero's Ordinary World and presents a challenge or quest that must be undertaken.

Hero Journey-refusal of the call

Although the Hero may be eager to accept the quest, at this stage he will have fears that need overcoming. Second thoughts or even deep personal doubts as to whether or not he is up to the challenge. When this happens, the Hero will refuse the call and as a result may suffer somehow. The problem he faces may seem to much to handle and the comfort of home far more attractive than the perilous road ahead. This would also be our own response and once again helps us bond further with the reluctant Hero.

Hero journey-meeting the mentor

At this crucial turning point where the Hero desperately needs guidance he meets a mentor figure who gives him something he needs. He could be given an object of great importance, insight into the dilemma he faces, wise advice, practical training or even self-confidence. Whatever the mentor provides the Hero with it serves to dispel his doubts and fears and give him the strength and courage to begin his quest.

Hero Journey-crossing the threshold

The Hero is now ready to act upon his call to adventure and truly begin his quest, whether it be physical, spiritual or emotional. He may go willingly or he may be pushed, but either way he finally crosses the threshold between the world he is familiar with and that which he is not. It may be leaving home for the first time in his life or just doing something he has always been scared to do. However the threshold presents itself, this action signifies the Hero's commitment to his journey an whatever it may have in store for him.

Hero Jounrey- tests, allies, and enemies

Now finally out of his comfort zone the Hero is confronted with an ever more difficult series of challenges that test him in a variety of ways. Obstacles are thrown across his path; whether they be physical hurdles or people bent on thwarting his progress, the Hero must overcome each challenge he is presented with on the journey towards his ultimate goal. The Hero needs to find out who can be trusted and who can't. He may earn allies and meet enemies who will, each in their own way, help prepare him for the greater ordeals yet to come. This is the stage where his skills and/or powers are tested and every obstacle that he faces helps us gain a deeper insight into his character and ultimately identify with him even more.

Hero Journey- approach to the inmost cave

The inmost cave may represent many things in the Hero's story such as an actual location in which lies a terrible danger or an inner conflict which up until now the Hero has not had to face. As the Hero approaches the cave he must make final preparations before taking that final leap into the great unknown. At the threshold to the inmost cave the Hero may once again face some of the doubts and fears that first surfaced upon his call to adventure. He may need some time to reflect upon his journey and the treacherous road ahead in order to find the courage to continue. This brief respite helps the audience understand the magnitude of the ordeal that awaits the Hero and escalates the tension in anticipation of his ultimate test.

Hero Journey- ordeal

The Supreme Ordeal may be a dangerous physical test or a deep inner crisis that the Hero must face in order to survive or for the world in which the Hero lives to continue to exist. Whether it be facing his greatest fear or most deadly foe, the Hero must draw upon all of his skills and his experiences gathered upon the path to the inmost cave in order to overcome his most difficulty challenge. Only through some form of "death" can the Hero be reborn, experiencing a metaphorical resurrection that somehow grants him greater power or insight necessary in order to fulfill his destiny or reach his journey's end. This is the high-point of the Hero's story and where everything he holds dear is put on the line. If he fails, he will either die or life as he knows it will never be the same again.

Hero Journey-Reward

After defeating the enemy, surviving death and finally overcoming his greatest personal challenge, the Hero is ultimately transformed into a new state, emerging from battle as a stronger person and often with a prize. The Reward may come in many forms: an object of great importance or power, a secret, greater knowledge or insight, or even reconciliation with a loved one or ally. Whatever the treasure, which may well facilitate his return to the Ordinary World, the Hero must quickly put celebrations aside and prepare for the last leg of his journey.

Hero Journey- the road back

This stage in the Hero's journey represents a reverse echo of the Call to Adventure in which the Hero had to cross the first threshold. Now he must return home with his reward but this time the anticipation of danger is replaced with that of acclaim and perhaps vindication, absolution or even exoneration. But the Hero's journey is not yet over and he may still need one last push back into the Ordinary World. The moment before the Hero finally commits to the last stage of his journey may be a moment in which he must choose between his own personal objective and that of a Higher Cause.

Hero Journey- Resurrection

This is the climax in which the Hero must have his final and most dangerous encounter with death. The final battle also represents something far greater than the Hero's own existence with its outcome having far-reaching consequences to his Ordinary World and the lives of those he left behind. If he fails, others will suffer and this not only places more weight upon his shoulders but in a movie, grips the audience so that they too feel part of the conflict and share the Hero's hopes, fears and trepidation. Ultimately the Hero will succeed, destroy his enemy and emerge from battle cleansed and reborn.

Hero Journey- Return with Elixir

This is the final stage of the Hero's journey in which he returns home to his Ordinary World a changed man. He will have grown as a person, learned many things, faced many terrible dangers and even death but now looks forward to the start of a new life. His return may bring fresh hope to those he left behind, a direct solution to their problems or perhaps a new perspective for everyone to consider. The final reward that he obtains may be literal or metaphoric. It could be a cause for celebration, self-realization or an end to strife, but whatever it is it represents three things: change, success and proof of his journey. The return home also signals the need for resolution for the story's other key players. The Hero's doubters will be ostracized, his enemies punished and his allies rewarded. Ultimately the Hero will return to where he started but things will clearly never be the same again.

Allusion

A reference to another work of literature, person, or event

Juxtaposition

Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts

Metaphor

a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable. (not using like or as)

Simile

A comparison of two unlike things using like or as

Symbolism

the use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities

What acronym is used to analyze a character

TOADS

Protagonist

Main character in a story

Antagonist

a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary (typically opposes the protagonist)

Deuteragonist

Sometimes known as a secondary protagonist. This is the character who's not exactly in the spotlight, but pretty close to it (sidekick).

Tertiary

They flit in and out of the main character's life, perhaps only appearing in one or two scenes throughout the book.

Confidante

often best friends, but they may also be a potential love interest or even a mentor. The protagonist shares their thoughts and emotions with this person, even when they're reluctant to share with anyone else.

Love interest

most stories will contain romance in one form or another. It might be the main plot or a subplot This love interest is typically a deuteragonist, but not exclusively

Foil

someone whose personality and values fundamentally clash with the protagonist's.

Dynamic/changing

is one who changes over the course of story.

Static/unchanging

he one who doesn't change

Stock

are those familiar figures that appear in stories time after time: the chosen one, the joker, the mentor.

Round

More characteristics and layers to the character. Very similar to a dynamic one, in that they both typically change throughout their character arc.

Flat

Not much substance to the character or layers.

Paragraph Format-Intro

This is the top bun of sandwich. Think about how to introduce your TOPIC, not the paper, without summarizing what it is about. This is where you can establish an outside connection (personal-anecdote, culture, society, other media, etc.) to the topic, make a statement or explain what it is. At the end of the paragraph is your thesis statement which may be open or closed. Your thesis is where you state what your paper is about.

Paper Format- Thesis

The most important part of the essay and it is where you state what your paper is about.

Paper Format- Body Paragraph

This is the meat of your paper. This is when you need to support your claims made in the thesis. This is can be done through research on the topic, in text citations (MLA: "........" (author, pg. #). / APA "......" (author, date, pg.#).), and your analysis of the evidence and examples you provide. The acronym we use for this is RACE

Paper Format- Conclusion

This is the bottom bun. This is where you go back to how you introduced your topic (have buns connect). Remember to not simply summarize your paper.

Body Paragraph- Restate

this is your topic sentence, also known as your power claim. This is the first sentence of your body paragraphs and states the purpose of the body paragraph at hand. You can get your topic sentence from your thesis.

Body Paragraph- Answer

this is your second sentence. You need to expand on the power claim and this is where you provide your reasoning.

Body Paragraph- Cite

this is the next part of your paragraph. It could be the third or even fifth sentence. You should only hit this point after you fully go through your reasoning. The purpose of the evidence is to back your claims you make in your analysis/reasoning.

Body Paragraph- Explain

After every piece of evidence you provide you need to fully explain it and avoid being too vague. After the explanation you need to tie back to how this proves how the device or choice is being used to help achieve the overall purpose of the text at hand.

expository writing

writing that explains or informs

narrative writing

writing that tells a story

analytical writing

writing that breaks a large idea into parts to help the reader see how they work together as a whole

argumentative writing

Writing that supports a position on or a claim about a particular topic through the use of logic, reasons, and evidence, often acknowledging and/or developing a counterclaim. It may have many purposes: to change the reader's point of view, to establish a call to action, or to get the reader to accept the writer's position or claim. It is a reasoned, logical way of showing that the writer's position is valid.

Syntax: Interrogative

asks a question

Syntax: Exclamatory

makes an exclamation

Syntax: Imperative

command

Syntax: Declarative

makes a statement

Syntax- Staccato

Sentences that are 1-3 words. Used to create emphasis to the chosen words.

Syntax- Telegraphic

Sentences that are 3-5 words . Used for simple phrases, normally a given command.

Syntax: short

Sentences that are 5-10 words. Most commonly used in everyday life.

Syntax- Medium

Sentences that are 15-25 words. More descriptive language used.

Syntax- Long

Sentence 25 or more words. More descriptive language used.

Syntax- Simple

one independent clause

Syntax- complex

One independent clause and one dependent clause; these are separated by a comma.

Syntax- compound

Two independent clauses; these are separated by a semi-colon.

syntax: compound-complex

Two independent clauses and one dependent clause; these are separated by semi-colon and comma.

independent clause

expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Has both a subject and a verb.

dependent clause

does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence

Abstract nouns

names ideas, qualities, and feelings that can't be seen or touched.

concrete nouns

These refer to people or things that exist physically and that at least one of the senses can detect. You can touch, smell, see, or hear them.

collective nouns

name a group of people or things

proper noun

Names a specific person, place, thing, or idea

common noun

A general name for a person, place, or thing