amstud essays (dbq/leq)

this is for "You will have 100 minutes to write a DBQ and an LEQ (choice between prompts). The content covers information from WWW1 through the Civil Rights. You can review your APUSH notes and the DBQ and LEQ slides that are posted under the "Essays" tab."

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote

3 R's

Relief, Recovery, Reform

American Expeditionary Forces

The Us forces led by General John Pershing who fought with the allies in Europe during WW1

Annexation of Hawaii

U.S. wanted Hawaii for business and so Hawaiian sugar could be sold in the U.S. duty free, Queen Liliuokalani opposed so Sanford B. Dole overthrew her in 1893, William McKinley convinced Congress to annex Hawaii in 1898

Baby Boom

A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility.

Yalta Convention

Meeting between Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt that was designed to finalize the final offense against Germany and further military operations against Japan. An agreement was also made to divide Germany into zones of occupation, along with the decision to replace the League of Nations with the United Nations. Soviet entry into the war against Japan and the future of Poland and other freed nations were discussed.

Big Gov. Intervention

Government involvement in nearly every facet of people's lives during the New Deal and more so in World War II

Birth of a Nation

Controversial but highly influential and innovative silent film directed by D.W. Griffith. It demonstrated the power of film propaganda and revived the KKK.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Bracero Program

Plan that brought laborers from Mexico to work on American farms

Central Powers

In World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies.

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Churchill

British Prime Minister who opposed the policy of appeasement and led Great Britain through World War II

CIO

Congress of Industrial Organizations. proposed by John L. Lewis in 1932. a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955.

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Conscription

A military draft

Conservation

Protecting and preserving natural resources and the environment

Court Packing Plan

President FDR's failed 1937 attempt to increase the number of US Supreme Court Justices from 9 to 15 in order to save his 2nd New Deal programs from constitutional challenges

Crash of 1929

terrible plunge in stock market prices that started the Great Depression

D-Day

Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944

Double V

Victory over the Axis powers abroad and over racism at home

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

East St. Louis Race Riot

Devastating 1917 riot that erupted when whites overran a section of East St. Louis, Illinois, occupied by African Americans who had been recruited as strikebreakers. The white mob murdered at least 39 people and burned down most of the neighborhood. This episode and race riots in two dozen other northern cities demonstrated that while the North held valuable new opportunities for blacks, it was far from a promised land.

Economic Diplomacy

Trade regulations, tariffs, economic sanctions to influence foreign powers instead of military intervention

Eisenhower

Allied commander in WW2 in Europe; helped plan the D-Day invasion at Normandy; 34th President

Espionage Act of 1917/Sedition Act of 1918

Brought forth under the Wilson administration, they stated that any treacherous act or draft dodging was forbidden, outlawed disgracing the government, the Constitution, or military uniforms, and forbade aiding the enemy.

Executive Order 9066/Korematsu v. U.S.

Enforced and upheld the relocation of Japanese Americans without compensation for lost property and belongings.

Fascism/Totalitarianism

A political system in which the government has total control over the lives of individual citizens.

Flapper

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

Great Rapprochement

After decades of occasionally "twisting the lion's tail," American diplomats began to cultivate close, cordial relations with Great Britain at the end of the nineteenth century—a relationship that would intensify further during World War I.

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement.

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Hooverville

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress

Isolationism

A national policy of avoiding involvement in world affairs

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

MacArthur

American general; he commanded U.S. troops in the South Pacific during World War II; later he commanded UN forces in the Korean War; also drove the Bonus Marchers out of DC

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans.

National Woman's Party

More radical suffrage group that protested Wilson during World War I. Many ended up in jail where they went on hunger strikes to bring attention to their cause.

Navajo Code Talkers

Native Americans from the Navajo tribe used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not decipher

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association; founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

New Democratic Coalition

the switch of labor and African Americans to the democratic party, making it the majority party of the New Deal era; linkage of northern urban African Americans, labor, and liberals as the democratic core from the New Deal era until 1968

Pearl Harbor

Base in Hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which caused America to enter the war.

Radio

New mass media of the 1920s. Used extensively by FDR to connect with everyday people

Red Army

the regular army of the former Soviet Union

Red Scare

fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Spanish American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

Sun Belt

U.S. region, mostly comprised of southeastern and southwestern states, which has grown most dramatically since World War II.

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

Triple Entente (Allied Powers)

In World War I: Britain, France, Russia

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Voter Reforms

Direct Election of Senators (17th Amendment) Women's Suffrage (19th Amendment)

W.E.B. DuBois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

Wagner Act

1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

Women in WWII

took on new roles in the military and the workforce, such as flying airplanes and doing jobs men would usually do

WWI Innovations

tanks, automatic machine guns, submarines (u-boats), airplanes, poison gas, gas masks

WWII Migration

African Americans continued the Great Migration of leaving the South while many people moved to the West and South for defense jobs

Yellow Press

newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership

Eugene V. Debs

Socialist/Union leader who won nearly a million votes as a presidential candidate while in federal prison for antiwar activities

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Federal Reserve System

The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Two Japanese cities on which the U.S. dropped the atomic bombs to end World War II.

Warren Court (1953-1969)

the Supreme Court during the era in which Earl Warren served as Chief Justice, best remembered for expanding the rights of minorities and the rights of the accused

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. Overruled Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine and would eventually led to the desegregation of schools across the South

Southern Manifesto (1956)

A document that repudiated the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education and supported the campaign against racial integration in public places

Little Rock Nine

In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. The governor ordered troops from Arkansas National Guard to prevent the nine from entering the school. The next day as the National Guard troops surrounded the school, an angry white mob joined the troops to protest the integration plan and to intimidate the AA students trying to register. The mob violence pushed Eisenhower's patience to the breaking point. He immediately ordered the US Army to send troops to Little Rock to protect and escort them for the full school year.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

an organization formed in 1960 to coordinate sit-ins and other protests and to give young Black Americans a larger role in the civil rights movement

Civil Rights Commission 1957

set up by the Civil Rights Act and was made to investigate violations of civil rights and authorized federal injunctions to protect voting rights

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

A political and social protest campaign that started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, USA, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation on its public transit system.

March on Washington (1963)

a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. Widely credited as helping lead to the Civil Rights Act (1964) and the National Voting Rights Act (1965). 80% of the marchers were black. Organized by union leader A. Philip Randolph.

Selma March

A march that was attempted three times to protest voting rights, with many peaceful demonstrators beaten and arrested including John Lewis

"Letter from a Birmingham Jail," 1963

A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism. Advocated nonviolence protest methods

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage

Shelby County v. Holder (2013)

Struck down provision of Voting Rights Act of 1965 requiring states engaged in past discrimination to get federal preclearance before instituting changes in voting laws or practices; allowed restrictive state voter ID laws to go forward (Roberts Court)

Malcolm X

Charismatic Black Muslim leader who promoted separatism in the early 1960s

Black Panther Party

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

Watts Riots

1964 riots which started inLos Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country.

Kerner Commision 1967

A federal investigation of the many riots concluded in late 1968 that racism and segregation were chiefly responsible and that the United State

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan.

James Meredith

United States civil rights leader whose college registration caused riots in traditionally segregated Mississippi (born in 1933)

Stokely Carmichael

a black civil rights activist in the 1960's. Leader of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. He did a lot of work with Martin Luther King Jr.but later changed his attitude. Carmichael urged giving up peaceful demonstrations and pursuing black power. He was known for saying,"black power will smash everything Western civilization has created."

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)

a government agency with the power to investigate complaints of employment discrimination and the power to sue firms that practice it

Great Society Programs

A set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson. Two main goals of the Great Society social reforms were the elimination of poverty and racial injustice.

George Wallace

Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot