Weak AI
simulates mind (thinking and decisions), not human mind/conscious
GOFAI
GOFAI
rule-based, logics, symbolic AI
weak AI
Stong AI
aim is to construct conscious machine
human mind-like
attention, memory, arousal, time perception
changes in consciousness during ASCs
sleep, coma, minimally conscious state
states of reduced consciousness
self-recognition, other minds, imitation, language
Blackmore’s requirements for consciousness in animals
dimension and focus
two dimensions of attention
dimension (attention)
inwards vs outwards attentionf
focus (attention)
broad vs narrow focus
attentional blink paradigm
studies the availability of attention across time
self-recognition, other minds, imitation, language
behavioural criteria for inferring consciousness
binding problem
how different features of objects are brought together to make single object/experience
binocular rivalry
two dissimilar images are presented simultaneously to each eye, and perception alternates between them
bistable perception
visual stimuli allow for 2 different perceptions (top-down and bottom-up modulating processes)
blindsight
responding to visual stimuli without consciously perceiving it
cortical blindness
action without perception
bundle theories
bundle of sensory experience that evolve over time
nothing stable
Hume, Buddhism, Hofstadter
examples of bundle theorists
cartesian theatre
D: when something ‘enters consciousness’ this is created
change blindness
saccadic-nature of vision
don’t have stable view of the world, so integration of successive views isn’t important
chinese room argument
computer executing a program cannot have a mind/understanding/consciousness like a human being, regardless of how intelligent and human mind-like the program is
covert attention
without eye movement attention
overt attention
with eye movement attention
reality discrimination
public reality is independent from our thoughts
mental images are easy to discriminate from perception
perceptual release theory
memories and internally generated images are usually inhibited by sense and released when input is disrupted
man looking out window at sunset and fire in the bg
auditory, bodily sensations, visual, phantosmia
common hallucinations
drugs, physical illness, starvation, sleep deprivation, rituals
hallucinations can occur in disorders (dementia, schizophrenia, BP, depression, epilepsy) but also during:
property dualism
1 physical substance that can always be described using mental and physical terms
dual aspect theory
substance dualism
2 substances: mind and matter
physcial events must lead to mental experiences
mental experiences must change physical world
Descartes
easy problem
how does brain process stimuli and integrate them
eliminative materialism
no qualia or hard problem since they are too “fuzzy” and make problem more complex
brain is all that matters
embodied cognition
makes our own and others' minds just as observable as any other feature of the world
phenomenological analysis = mind-body prob is illusory
embodied, enactive, embedded, extended
4E cognition
epiphenomenalism
physical events give rise to mental events but those don’t affect physical events
Lamarck’s evolution
directional and progressive
Darwin’s evolution
no direction and no guarantee of progress
Nagel
being is conscious just if there is ‘something that it is like’ to be that creature
great chain of being
simplest organism at the bottom and most intelligent at the top
explanatory gap
how physical properties give rise to the way things feel subjectively when they are experienced
extrasensory perception
communication without sense: clairvoyance, telekinesis, precognition
feeling of presence phenomenon
feel that someone or some entity is near you, sometimes accompanied by an actual hallucination of some form.
sleep paralysis
neurological conditions
functionalism
mental states identified by functional rule. attribute states to things that have functions like computers
type of monism
hard problem
how physical processes in the brain give rise to subjective experiences
activation, information source, mode
hobson’s AIM model of sleep
idealism
consciousness (mental stuff) is the ultimate source of reality
GWT
continuous consciousness
in GW? = conscious
cartesian theatre resembles GW
connectionism
biologically inspired, lesion tolerant, capable of generalisation
parallel processing
mescaline induced hallucinations
cobwebs, tunnels, funnels,cones, spirals, gratings, latices
complex visual hallucinations
cartoon-like characters, scenes from CH memory, animals/mythical creatures, fantastic cities, beautiful scenery
hallucination reality monitoring
distinction between reality and imagination isn’t needed in hallucinations because they are based on what systems already know
predictive-processing
self = brain’s inference to explain incoming sensory info (interoceptive and exteroceptive)
helps understand hallucinations
processing failure → hallucination
mescaline, psilocybin, DMT, ayahuasca, LSD
major psychedelics
opens valve and makes world seem fantastic and colourful
mescaline intake
self is disintegrating and merging with world, mind-expanding effects
psilocybin intake
decreases cerebral blood flow (thalamus and cingulate cortex)
vivid visual, auditory hallucinations, bodily distortions, out-of-body experiences
DMT intake
tea (with MAO enzyme), smoking
powerful vomiting followed by bodily sensations, transformations, visions, contemplation of death
ayahuasca intake
binds to serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline receptors
LSD chemical structure related to serotonin structure and …
T for depression
bundle of different perceptions in flux
Hume’s concept of self
“i can never catch myself” (no experiencer)
memory
according to Huma what give;s our sensations, impressions and ideas the feeling of continuity
also is the source of personal identity
hypnosis
ignoring world around you and concentrating on suggested fantasies
ASC
identity theory
mind and matter (identical) are actually different expressions of a single material reality
“entire brain is sufficient for consciousness”
inattentional blindness
failing to perceive unexpected stimulus in plain sight, as result of lack of attention (not, vision defects/deficits)
gorilla basket ball video
integrated info theory
consciousness is the capacity of system to integrate information
→ not all or nothing
→ consc increases and decreases with integration of info
→ (panpsychism)
intrinsic existence
composition
information
exclusion
integration
intelligence without representation
reliance on representations dissapear when intelligence relies on interacting with world through perception and action
Brook’s robots
interactionism
mind and body can causally affect each other
still different entities (dualist)
Libet’s experiment
conscious will plays no causal role in initiation of motor act
0.5s delay
minimum intensity of continuous neural activity necessary for conscious sensation
materialism and functionalism (Dennett)
mary would NOT be surprised as knowing all physical facts tell you everything needed to know
existence of quali (Jackson, Chalmers)
mary would be surprised, consciousness is additional to knowledge of physical world
visual masking
can lead to decreases of brain activity in visual system
used to study NCCs
regulate attention
goal of zen meditation
8 jhanas
4 in the body and 4 are immaterial states
d-ASC
discrete state of brain networks
if jhanas are naturally occuring sequence of brain states
truth of suffering, truth of cause of suffering, truth of end of suffering, truth of path that leads to end of suffering
4 noble truths
memetics
development of culture through imitation of things
culture is encoded as memes to be easily imitated
mereological fallacy
attribution of psychological function that can be applied to a human being as a whole to (parts of) the brain
self-awareness level
mirror self-recognition test/mark test goal
monism
functionalism, panpsychism, phenomenology, radical empiricism, physicalism, idealism, mysterianism, neutral monism
panpsychism
all material things have awareness/mental properties
phenomenology
inquiry into immediate conscious experience
study of phenomena
radical empiricism
(James) consciousness doesn’t consists of mind and body, only pure existence
physicalism
conscious states are identical to physical stuff
mysterianism
physcial understanding of consciousness lies beyond our understanding
neutral monism
(James) one type of stuff that is neutral (not mental or physical)
near-death experience
out-of-body, tunnel experience, powerful light, life review, positive emotions
much more intense than psychedlics
neglect
lack of response to stimuli in 1 half of visual field
not explained by damage to visual pathways
NCC
smallest set of neural events/structures sufficient for conscious perception
aspect of neural functioning correlated with conscious experience
neurophenomenology
addresses hard problem in pragmatic way.
studies experience, mind, consciousness
emphasis on embodied mind
out-of-body experience
dualist thinking is natural
C leaves body (dualism)
C stays in body but ESP (avoids dualism)
Reliving birth trauma (psychoanalyst)
autoscopy
seeing your double but viewpoint is still from own body
heautoscopy
seeing your double but not sure where you are located
OBE
seeing your double but viewpoint is from your double (birds eye view position)
phantom pain
experiencing pain in a limb that no longer exists on body
zombies possible (Chalmers)
consciousness is different from physical body
consciousness inessentialism
zombies not possible (Moody)
need a non-physical mind and physical body
dualism
zimbo (Dennette)
can monitor its activities in indefinite upward spiral of reflexivity
still unconscious internal states
psi phenomena
group of parapsychological functions of the mind: extrasensory perception, precognition, and psychokinesis
psychokinesis
hypothetical psychic ability allowing a person to influence a physical system without physical interaction.
qualia
private conscious experience of sensation and perception
building blocks of sensory experiences
problem of consciousness
how qualia relate to physical world
how objective brains and bodies produce subjective qualia
reductionism
consciousness can be broken down and explained in terms of simpler things.