Chapter 6 Part B: Bones and Skeletal Tissue

A set of flashcards for key vocabulary and concepts related to bones and skeletal tissue based on the provided lecture notes.

Ossification (osteogenesis)

The process of bone tissue formation.

Endochondral ossification

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; forms most of the skeleton.

Intramembranous ossification

Bone develops from fibrous membrane; forms membrane bones like the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones.

Epiphyseal plate

Area of hyaline cartilage that allows for the lengthwise growth of long bones.

Osteoblasts

Cells that build up bone by secreting the bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down bone tissue.

Hematoma

A mass of clotted blood formed during the initial stage of fracture healing.

Fibrocartilaginous callus

A mass of repair tissue that forms in the second stage of bone healing.

Bony callus

The hard callus formed by the deposition of new bone in the third stage of bone healing.

Paget's disease

A bone disorder characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption.

Osteoporosis

A condition in which bone resorption exceeds bone deposition, leading to fragile bones.

Calcitonin

A hormone that helps lower blood calcium levels produced by the thyroid gland.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A hormone that increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption.

Appositional growth

The process by which bones increase in thickness.

Interstitial growth

The process by which bones grow in length at the epiphyseal plate.

Chondrocytes

Cartilage cells found in the cartilage tissue.

Osteomalacia

A condition characterized by poorly mineralized bones, leading to soft and weak bones.

Vitamin D deficiency

A lack of vitamin D that can lead to conditions such as rickets and osteomalacia.

Comminuted fracture

A fracture where the bone is fragmented into three or more pieces.

Greenstick fracture

An incomplete fracture where only one side of the shaft breaks; common in children.

Proliferation zone

Zone in the epiphyseal plate where cartilage cells are rapidly dividing.

Hypertrophic zone

Zone in the epiphyseal plate with older chondrocytes, where cartilage lacunae enlarge.

Resorption

The process of bone tissue being broken down and its minerals released into the bloodstream.

Mechanical stress

Physical forces applied to bones that can lead to remodeling.

Wolf's law

The principle stating that bones grow or remodel in response to the demands placed on them.

Age-related bone changes

Bone density and healing ability decreases with age, starting in the fourth decade.

Ossification (osteogenesis)

The process of bone tissue formation.

Endochondral ossification

Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage; forms most of the skeleton.

Intramembranous ossification

Bone develops from fibrous membrane; forms membrane bones like the frontal, parietal, and temporal bones.

Epiphyseal plate

Area of hyaline cartilage that allows for the lengthwise growth of long bones.

Osteoblasts

Cells that build up bone by secreting the bone matrix.

Osteoclasts

Cells that break down bone tissue.

Hematoma

A mass of clotted blood formed during the initial stage of fracture healing.

Fibrocartilaginous callus

A mass of repair tissue that forms in the second stage of bone healing.

Bony callus

The hard callus formed by the deposition of new bone in the third stage of bone healing.

Paget's disease

A bone disorder characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption.

Osteoporosis

A condition in which bone resorption exceeds bone deposition, leading to fragile bones.

Calcitonin

A hormone that helps lower blood calcium levels produced by the thyroid gland.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A hormone that increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption.

Appositional growth

The process by which bones increase in thickness.

Interstitial growth

The process by which bones grow in length at the epiphyseal plate.

Chondrocytes

Cartilage cells found in the cartilage tissue.

Osteomalacia

A condition characterized by poorly mineralized bones, leading to soft and weak bones.

Vitamin D deficiency

A lack of vitamin D that can lead to conditions such as rickets and osteomalacia.

Comminuted fracture

A fracture where the bone is fragmented into three or more pieces.

Greenstick fracture

An incomplete fracture where only one side of the shaft breaks; common in children.

Proliferation zone

Zone in the epiphyseal plate where cartilage cells are rapidly dividing.

Hypertrophic zone

Zone in the epiphyseal plate with older chondrocytes, where cartilage lacunae enlarge.

Resorption

The process of bone tissue being broken down and its minerals released into the bloodstream.

Mechanical stress

Physical forces applied to bones that can lead to remodeling.

Wolf's law

The principle stating that bones grow or remodel in response to the demands placed on them.

Age-related bone changes

Bone density and healing ability decreases with age, starting in the fourth decade.

Rickets

A childhood disease caused by vitamin D deficiency, leading to soft, weak, and deformed bones.

Compact bone

Dense outer layer of bone that appears smooth and solid.

Spongy bone (cancellous bone)

Internal layer of bone, composed of a honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae.

Hydroxyapatite

The inorganic mineral component of bone, primarily calcium phosphate crystals, responsible for bone hardness.

Bone remodeling

A continuous process involving bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone deposition by osteoblasts.