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Prokaryotic Cells

Cells that are smaller and simpler in structure, including bacteria and archaea.

Eukaryotic Cells

Cells that have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and many membrane-enclosed organelles that perform specific functions.

Plasma Membrane

The membrane that surrounds all cells, providing a barrier and controlling the movement of substances in and out.

Organelles

Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions.

Chromosomes

Structures made of DNA that contain genes.

Ribosomes

Molecular machines that make proteins according to instructions from genes.

Nucleus

The cell organelle that contains most of the cell's DNA and controls its activities.

Endomembrane System

A system of membranes that are either physically connected or linked by vesicles that transfer membrane segments.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

The largest component of the endomembrane system, involved in protein and lipid synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that processes, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids made in the ER.

Lysosome

A membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes that digests food and recycles materials in the cell.

Vesicles

Small membrane-bound sacs that transport materials within a cell.

Cytoskeleton

A network of protein fibers that organizes structures and activities within a cell.

Microtubules

Protein fibers that shape and support the cell and serve as tracks for organelle movement.

Cilia

Short appendages that propel protists and are found on many eukaryotic cells.

Flagella

Long, whip-like structures used for movement in some cells.

Tight Junctions

Connections between cells that prevent fluid leakage.

Plasmodesmata

Channels that connect adjacent plant cells, allowing for transport and communication.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Hypertonic Solution

A solution with a higher concentration of solute compared to the inside of the cell, causing the cell to shrink.

Hypotonic Solution

A solution with a lower concentration of solute compared to the inside of the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly burst.

Exocytosis

The process of exporting large molecules from the cell by vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane.

Endocytosis

The process of taking in large molecules through the cell membrane.

Phagocytosis

The process by which a cell engulfs particles to form a vacuole.

Pinocytosis

The process of a cell taking in liquid along with its dissolved substances.

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A process where cells take in specific molecules based on a receptor's binding.

Compound Light Microscope

A microscope that uses light passing through an object to produce a magnified image.

Electron Microscope

A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to create a high-resolution image of a specimen.

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

An electron microscope that passes beams of electrons through a specimen to produce 2-D images.

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

An electron microscope that scans the surface of a specimen to create 3-D images.