microbiology unit 2 diseases

chickenpox

• Etiology: Varicella-zoster virus

• Epidemiology: Spreads in the air. Spread by touching or breathing in the virus

• Signs and symptoms: Rash that is itchy. Loss of appetite

• Prevention and treatment: Vaccine for infants 12-15 months and children 4-6 years. 2 doses 98% effectiveness. Severe cases uses acyclovir

ebola

• Etiology: Ebola virus

• Epidemiology: Contracted through direct contact

• Signs and symptoms: Fever, headache, unexplained hamorraging, abdominal pain, muscle pain

• Treatment: No chemotherapeutics exist. Supportive care

• Prevention: No approved vaccine available

covid-19

• Etiology: Coronavirus

• Epidemiology: Droplet contact. Surface contact

• Signs and symptoms: Fever, dry cough, tiredness, extreme fatigue

• Treatment: Tylenol for high fever and aches. Fluid and rest. Pulmonary hygiene

• Prevention: Stay home if sick and avoid sick people. Social distancing

HIV/AIDS

• Etiology: Human immunodeficiency virus

• Epidemiology: Contact involving transfer of blood

• Signs and symptoms: Fatigue, diarrhea, weight loss, neurological changes. Opportunistic infections arise

• Risk factors: Unprotected sex, Another STI, Use of intravenous drugs

• Treatment: Stribild or "quad pill": 2 reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 1 integrase inhibitors, 1 drug that inhibits liver enzymes from breaking down other drugs

• Prevention: Avoid sexual contact with infected persons. Barrier protection should be used when having sex with anyone whose status is unknown. Not sharing needles or by cleaning needles

Trichinellosis (trichinosis)

(1) causative agent:
a. it's scientific name
b. the type of microbe (fungi, helminth, bacteria, protozoan)

(2) transmittion:

(3) symptoms
- 1st phase
- 2nd phase

(4) treatment:
- If caught early
- If caught late

(5) prevention

1. a. Trichinella sp.
   b. A Helminthic infection

2. transmitted by eating pork or other wildlife that has cysts of parasitic worms in the muscles of the animals

3. 1st phase: diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, fever, sweating
   2nd Phase: puffiness around eyes, muscle/joint pain,
   shortness of breath, eosinophilia

4. If caught early:
   • albendazole (used for 8-14 days)
   • Mebendazole (used for 13 days)

   If caught late: If treatment dost not begun until later, cysts enter muscle tissue and requires longer duration or repeated treatments

5. Cook food: whole meat (except poultry and game): 145F
   Ground beef: 160F
   Wild game: 160F
   Poultry: 165F

Amoebic Dysentery (Amebiasis)

(1) causative agent:
a. it's scientific name
b. the type of microbe (fungi, helminth, bacteria, protozoan)

(2) transmittion:

(3) symptoms

(4) treatment

(5) prevention

1. a. Entamoeba histolytica
   b. A Protozoan infection
   • a unicellular parasite
   • exists in intestinal & extra-intestinal form
   • forms a cyst to allow organism to pass the stomach barrier into the intestinal tract

2. cysts are eaten through dirty food/water, then the organism targets the appendix, colon and rectum which leads to hemorrhage perforation, and appendicitis

3. most people are are asymptomatic (only 10-20% show symptoms)

   1. symptoms include: abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever, weight loss, dysentery (bloody diarrhea)

4. antibiotics

5. be careful in areas with poor sanitation (don't drink the water in Mexico)
   • only drink bottled water or carbonated water from sealed cans
   • cleanse tap water, like through boiling

Ringworm

(1) causative agent:
a. it's scientific name
b. the type of microbe (fungi, helminth, bacteria, protozoan)

(2) transmittion:

(3) symptoms

(4) treatment

(5) prevention

1. a. Tinea
   b. A fungal skin infection

2. touching infected person or animal (dogs, cats, animals, livestock)

3. - itching 4-14 days after contact
   - scaly, red, circular, bald rash

4. treatment is uneeded; just keep skin clean and dry, apply drying powder, wash bedsheets and close
   if needed, use antifungal ointment/pills

5. hand washing

Pneumocystis Pneumonia

(1) causative agent:
a. it's scientific name
b. the type of microbe (fungi, helminth, bacteria, protozoan)

(2) transmittion:

(3) symptoms

(4) treatment

(5) prevention

1. a. Pneumocystis jirovecii
   b. fungus

2. AIDS patients are at risk - fungus gets into lungs and causes respiratory infection
   • leading cause of death in AIDS/HIV patients

3. Fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, fatigue
   HIV patients: low grade fever (nonfunctioning immune system)
   Non-HIV patients: high-grade fever (functioning immune system)

4. Typical antifungual drugs are ineffective --
   need trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (bacrim, sepra, and cotrim)

5. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis