Nature of Matter and Chemical Bonds Overview

Atoms

smallest unit of matter

Protons

+ charge

Neutrons

neutral (no charge)

Electrons

- charge

Element

Letter of a type of atom (Ex. Hydrogen = H; Sodium = NA)

Chemical Compound

Basically the equation of elements (Ex. H2O)

Atomic #

number of protons

Mass #

number of protons + neutrons

# of neutrons

mass # - proton #

Chemical Bonds

connectors of different elements

Valence Electrons

electrons on the last energy level (energy shell)

Covalent bonds

atoms share electrons (forms molecules)

Ionic Bonds

electrons are transferred from one atom to another (forms ions)

Ions

atoms lose or gain ELECTRONS

Water Polarity

When a molecule has a segregation (division) of charges (-,+)

Hydrogen bonds

When oxygen pulls other Hydrogen atoms from other water molecules close together

Adhesion

water molecules stick to other surfaces (plant root wall)

Cohesion

water molecules stick to each other

Capillary action

Cohesion and adhesion together

Surface tension

Since water molecules stick together (cohesion) they resist some other surfaces

Solute

substance being dissolved (salt)

Solvent

substance that solute dissolves in (water)

Universal solvent

water

Solution

equally distributed mixture of substances

pH

measure of how acidic or basic a substance is

Acid

More H+ ions; 0 to 6.9 pH (lower numbers); lowers the pH

Basic

More OH- ions; 7.1 to 14 pH (higher numbers); raises pH

Neutral

7

Macromolecules

Large molecules made through polymerization (monomers join together to form polymers)

Carbohydrates

COH; Monomers: monosaccharides (glucose); Polymers: polysaccharides (glycogen, starch); Function: Quick immediate energy

Lipids

CH; Monomers: glycerol & fatty acid; Polymers: triglyceride; Function: Long term energy

Nucleic Acids

CHONP; Monomers: Nucleotides; Polymers: Nucleic Acid (DNA & RNA); Function: Stores and transmits energy

Proteins

CHO; Monomers: Amino Acid; Polymers: Proteins; Functions: Speed up reactions, Transports substances in and out of cells, Fight diseases, Builds structures