Ch-4 Pulmonology

Pulmonology

The medical specialty that studies the respiratory system.

nas/o

nose

-al

pertaining to

Pharynx

The pharynx is a common passage for inhaled air, exhaled air, and food. Three parts: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx

Larynx

Voice box- During swallowing, the
larynx pulls up to the
epiglottis, forcing food into
the esophagus

Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) (disease)

Upper respiratory infection, A bacterial or viral infection of the upper
respiratory tract; a head cold. treated with antibiotics.

Trachea

The trachea (windpipe) is a passageway for inhaled and exhaled air. Has a column of C-Shaped Cartilage.

Bronchi

The trachea divides into right and left primary bronchi (the plural of bronchus).
• The primary bronchi enter into the lungs and divide into smaller bronchioles
• Bronchi are supported by rings of cartilage,
similar to the trachea.

Bronchioles

The bronchioles are the smallest bronchi with a
diameter of 1 millimeter or less.

The smooth muscle can contract or relax, to narrow or widen
the bronchial lumen.

Asthma

Hyperreactivity of the bronchi or
bronchioles to an allergen or inhaled
substances

Bronchitis

Acute or chronic infection or inflammation
of the bronchi.
• Acute bronchitis is due to infection.
• Chronic infection is due to smoking or
pollution.

Bronchiectasis

Permanent enlargement and loss of elasticity in the bronchioles; allows secretions to accumulate.
• bronchi/o- = bronchus
• -iectasis = condition of dilation

Bronchi/o- bronchus

Reactive Airway Disease

Blanket term for conditions with reversible
airway narrowing and wheezing.
Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchiole Diseases

Lungs

The lungs are spongy, air-filled structures

RIGHT Lung

The right lung contains three lobes (divisions) and the
left lung contains two lobes.
• right upper lobe (RUL)
• right middle lobe (RML)
• right lower lobe (RLL)
• left upper lobe (LUL)
• left lower lobe (LLL)

The top of the lung is the apex.
• The base rests on the diaphragm

Abnormal Breathing Sounds (BS) (Disease)

Abnormal Breathing Sounds- Lung sounds that are different from normal and may indicate a lung disease or condition. (LUNG)

Atel/o

Incomplete

Atelectasis

Collapse of all or part of the lung.
• atel/o- = incomplete
• -ectasis = condition of dilation

-ectasis

Condition of dilation

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)(Disease)

Any type of chronic obstructive lung
disease, including chronic bronchitis
and emphysema. (LUNG)

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) (Disease)

Inherited condition caused by a recessive gene;
causes problems with respiratory, digestive, and
sweat secretions. (LUNG)

Cyst/o

Bladder

Fibr/o

Fiber

-osis

Abnormal Condition

Empyeme

Localized pockets of pus that have collected
inside a body cavity of the lung due to a bacterial
infection. (LUNG)

Em-

In

py/o

pus

-ema

Condition

Influenza

Respiratory infection caused by a virus.
• Mild forms cause fever, muscle ache, and
cough for several days.
• Severe forms can be life threatening.

Legionnaire’s disease

Severe, sometimes fatal bacterial infection;
starts with flulike symptoms and progresses to
severe pneumonia and liver and kidney
degradation.

Occupational Lung Disease

Group of disease caused by constant workplace
exposure to inhaled particles.
• Asbestosis

Lung Cancer

Most common among smokers when tar
deposits in the lungs become cancerous and
spread.

Pneumonia

Infection of lobes of the lungs; fluid, white
blood cells, and microorganisms fill passages.
• Bacterial
• Viral
• Double (both lungs)
• Aspiration - inhaled material (food, vomit,
saliva)

Aspir/o

to breath in

Pulmonary Edema

Build up of fluid in the alveoli caused by
left-sided heart failure, chest wall trauma,
or pneumonia.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) (Disease)

Severe, communicable viral illness that can
be fatal; associated with close contact and
enclosed spaces.

Pulmonary Embolism

Traveling clot or fat globule that lodges in the
lung, blocking blood flow and causing
shortness of breath (SOB); often occurs in
patients on bedrest. Easily trapped in smaller blood vessels, causing possible strokes

Tuberculosis (TB) (Disease)

Communicable disease that is caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Causes nodules (= tubercules) in the lungs.
• Waxy coating makes bacterium resistant.
• Requires treated with a 9-month course of
drugs.

Thorax

The thorax is the bony cage between the neck and the diaphragm.The sternum, ribs, and spine
protect the lungs and thoracic
cavity.
–The lungs fill most of the
thoracic cavity

Mediastinum

lies between the lungs

Diaphragm

makes up the
inferior border of the thoracic
cavity.

Hemothorax (Disease)

Blood in the thoracic cavity, usually due to
trauma.
• hem/o- = blood
• -thorax = chest, thorax

(THORAX)

Hem/o

Blood

-thorax

Thorax/Chest

Pleural Effusion (Disease)

Accumulation of excess fluid in the pleural
space due to inflammation or infection.
• effus/o- = flowing out

(THORAX)

effus/o

Flowing out

Pleurisy/Pleuritis (Disease)

Inflammation or infection of the pleura that
causes the two pleural layers to rub against one
another and create a pleural friction rub.
• pleur/o- = lung membrane
• -isy = condition of infection /inflammation.

(THORAX)

pleur/o

lung membrane

-isy

Condition of infection/inflammation

Pneumothorax

Air in the pleural space that causes the lung to
collapse; usually the result of penetrating
trauma (e.g., car accident, fractured rib).
• pneum/o- = air, lung
• -thorax = chest