Gibson - ongoing term list

https://quizlet.com/527714454/gibson-term-quiz-flash-cards/

Potsdam Conference

In July-August of 1945, the three major Allied powers met at the __________________ to discuss the post-World War II borders of Germany among other social and economic problems.

Big Three

The United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union were commonly known as the ___________________; this grand alliance helped to end the war against Germany.

Harry S. Truman

American president deciding to drop atomic bombs on japan + end wwii, created american stance against soviet communism for cold war, organized marshall plan/berlin airlift - Big three

Joseph Stalin

Soviet leader unleashing reign of terror, helped allied powers in wwii after hitler broke non-aggression pact, closed off eastern europe with iron curtain - Big three

Potsdam Agreement

The leaders arrived at various agreements on the German economy, punishment for war criminals, land boundaries and reparations.

Allied Control Council

Also known as four powers, organization controlling german/austrian occupation zones after wwii in europe, included united states/soviet union/great britain/france

Military occupation

Joint control of germany by united states/soviet union/united kingdom/france to administer rebuilding, allied powers intended to reunify but stayed separated

War reparations

Germany had to pay $23 billion to allied powers for losing wwii, germany paid allies back in 201G

Nuremberg Trials

13 trials indicting german officials/doctors/lawyers/businessmen for crimes against humanity in wwii, served as precedent for international court

Truman Doctrine

In 1947, the _________________________ was created in response to the Soviet geopolitical expansion during the cold war; it provided foreign aid to Greece and Turkey.

Marshall Plan

The _____________________________, also known as the European Recovery Program, was an American initiative to provide economic aid to help rebuild Western Europe following World War II.

Comecon

Soviet organization providing economic assistance to countries in eastern bloc, communist counterpart to marshall plan to prevent eastern bloc from using united states

Warsaw Pact

The ____________________ was signed in 1955 as a collective defense treaty between the Soviet Union and several Eastern Bloc satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe.

Socialist Realism

Soviet artistic movement sanctioned by communism to promote socialist society ideals in art/literature/music

De-Stalinization

______________________ is the policy of eradicating the memory and influence of Joseph Stalin after his death and as his political successor rose to power.

Nikita Khruschev

Soviet leader replacing stalin after death, responsible for de-stalinization, suppressed political/religious opposition, created free housing/education/transporation/healthcare

“Kitchen Debate”

Heated exchange between US VP Nixon and Soviet leader Khruschev defending their political ideologies/countries.(MEANT to be a cultural exchange)

U2 Incident

a US spy plane was shot down, the US tried to cover up the incident and deny its military purpose but the Soviets revealed the spy equipment that had pictures of a Soviet Military base

Hydrogen Bomb

800 to 1,000 times stronger than the atomic bomb dropped on Japan; US invented —— after USSR invented the atomic bomb of its own

Berlin Crisis

Cold war conflict between united states/soviet union caused by east berliners fleeing to west berlin, khrushchev built berlin wall when kennedy refused to remove united states from berlin

Berlin Wall

The _____________________ refers to the physical barrier that Khrushchev constructed in 1961 to prevent East Germans from "escaping" to Western German territory.

Economic Miracle

Period of economic expansion after wwii in united states/soviet union/western europe/eastern asia, cold war demanded economic expansion

NATO

In 1949, ____________ was created as an intergovernmental military alliance between several European and North American countries.

Cuba

________ is a country in Latin America which has had a tumultuous relationship with the United States, especially during the Cold War, although in recent years there have been steps to normalize relations; President Obama even visited there.

Fulgencio Batista

_____________________________ was the dictator of Cuba who was ousted from power for good in 1958 as a result of the Cuban Revolution.

Fidel Castro

_______________________ was one of the main leaders of the Cuban Revolution; he led Cuba's government from 1959-2008.

Bay of Pigs

The failed U.S. mission to arm and train Cuban exiles to invade and re-establish democracy in Cuba is known as _________________________.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The _________________________ refers to the 13 day confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States that almost resulted in nuclear war in October 1962.

Capitalism

Form of economy controlled by private institutions

Communism

Form of economy controlled by the state

Marxism

A form of economy related to capitalism and socialism that examines the flaws in capitalism and seeks to identify an alternative

Socialism

A form of economy that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Democracy

Government by the people

Alliance for Progress

The __________________ was a program that was started by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1961 in a effort to establish good relations between the United States and Latin America, including Cuba.

Luis Somoza

In 1956, _____________________ becomes the brutal leader of Nicaragua in which a deadly civil war leads to 40,000 deaths.

Sandinistas

Members of the left-wing Nicaraguan political group who came to power in 1979 by overthrowing Somoza were called __________________.

Che Guevara

One of the organizers of the Cuban Revolution was __________________ who inspired revolutions in the Congo and Bolivia; his image has become the symbol of anti-establishment and change today.

Silent Holocaust (Guatemala)

In 1954, the United States CIA backed a revolution in _________________ which produced a brutal civil war until 1996 and what is known as the "Silent Holocaust" from 1978-1983 in which over 200,000 people died.

Organization of American States

Established in 1948, the _________________ was founded to promote peaceful relations in the Western hemisphere, prevent the spread of international communism and to promote cooperation with social, cultural and economic matters.

Imperialism

The policy of extending a country's power or influence over other countries and peoples for a long period of time through diplomacy or military force is known as _______________.

Berlin Conference

Meeting where fourteen European leaders divided Africa between Western countries at the expense of African citizens, no African leaders present

Scramble for Africa

The occupation, division, and colonization of Africa by European nations between 1881 and 1914 is sometimes referred to as the _________________.

Colony

Territory w/ external government controlled by other country

Protectorate

A(n) ____________________ is a politically autonomous nation that relies on another country for things like protection from invasion.

Sphere of Influence

Area where country has power to affect affairs despite no formal authority

Nationalism

The feeling that one's nation is superior to all other nations is known as _________________.

Pan-Africanism

___________________ refers to the political and cultural movement to unite all African people.

5th Pan-African Congress

The _____________________ was a meeting attended by 87 representatives of African nations in Great Britain in 1945 to demand an end to colonial rule and European policies.

Kwame Nkrumah

______________________ was the Nationalist leader of the Gold Coast who led his people to become the first independent African nation (now known as Ghana) in 1957.

Jomo Kenyatta

___________________ was the Nationalist leader of Kenya who led his people to fight for their independence against the British.

Atlantic Charter

The _______________________ was an agreement between the United States and Great Britain in 1941 about granting future statehood to African colonies.

Self-determination

______________________ is the process by which a country determines its own statehood, forms its own government and allegiances.

United Gold Coast Convention

The _____________________ was created in 1949 by the Nationalist leader of Ghana, which advocated the use of civil disobedience tactics to fight for their independence.

Belgo-Congolese Round Table Convention

Meeting between belgium/congo negotiating independence of democratic republic of congo

Mau Mau Rebellion

From 1952-1960, the ____________________ was a violent struggle between the Land Freedom Army in Kenya and the British.

Coup D’etat

sudden overthrow of gvm't of lumumba in congo starting congo crisis

Congo Crisis

conflict where mobutu seized control of democratic republic of congo after coup d'etat against lumumba

Patrice Lumumba

____________________ was the first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; he served a few months before he was assassinated in 1961.

Joseph Mobutu

The Congolese politician who renamed the country Zaire, which he led from 1965-1997 into a state of decline and corruption was _________________.

Genocide

The deliberate and systematic destruction (including murder) of a group based on their race, ethnicity, nationality or religion is known as ___________________.

Rwandan Genocide

conflict where hutus killed 800000 tutsis in 100 days in rwanda

Hutus

The ________ are the majority Bantu-speaking people in Rwanda (and Burundi) who had little political power and wealth

Tutsis

The ________________ are an ethnic group in Rwanda that was the target of genocide in 1994; 70% of the population was killed and/or tortured.

Apartheid

policy of racial/economic/political discrimination in south africa favoring afrikaner minority

African National Congress

political party of south africa supporting democratic reforms to end segregation + ruling after apartheid when mandela elected

Nelson Mandela

_____________________ is a an anti-apartheid activist, political leader of the African National Congress and former President of South Africa from 1994-1999.

Desmond Tutu

____________________ is an anti-apartheid activist, religious leader and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in South Africa.

F.W. de Klerk

last south african white president dismantling apartheid, nobel peace prize winner

Chang Kai-shek

______________________________ was the leader of the Chinese Nationalist Party until 1947 and he was a great ally to the United States.'

Century of Humiliation

China's dramatic decline as a global power from the mid-nineteenth century until 1949 is known as the _____________________________________.

Confucianism

_______________________ is based on the ideas of an ancient Chinese philosopher who advocated that everyone should behave according to "right conduct.”

Baojia system

According to the ___________________________, all family members are collectively held responsible for all family members' behaviors and actions.

Chinese Republic

The _____________________ is the time period in China after the Qing dynasty in 1912 until the end of the civil war in 1949.

Sun Yat-sen

______________________ was known as the Father of modern China although his political power was limited due to his untimely death in 1925.

Kuomintang (Nationalist Party)

The _______________________________ is the Chinese Nationalist Party that ruled China from 1927-1948.

Mao Zedong

__________________________ was the leader of the Communists in China who founded the People's Republic of China in 1949; he served as Chinese leader from 1949 until his death in 1976.

Chinese Civil War

The ___________________________ was a political and military struggle between the Nationalists and the Communists in China from 1927 until 1949.

People’s Republic of China

Communist government of China created by Zedong in 1949 after Chinese Civil War.

Nationalist China (Taiwan)

Independent nation where Chinese republic went after Chinese Civil War, enemy of China + China has political power here

Tibet

The Dalai Lama is the legitimate spiritual leader of _________, which claims it has been part of China since 1950.

Dalai Lama

The political and spiritual leader of Tibet and the Tibetan Buddhism

Agrarian Reform Law

The property of Nationalists, intellectuals and capitalists was confiscated by the Chinese government and redistributed to the peasants according to the ___________________.

Great Leap Forward

The ____________________________________ was a political, economic and social campaign in China from 1958-1962 which nationalized industries and created people's communes.

Communes

Collective farms in china where peasants lived together + shared production

Sino-Soviet Split

Mao's frustration with Khrushchev and the Soviet Union during the 1950's and 1960's is known as the ________________________.

Red Guards

During the Cultural Revolution in China, groups of young Communists called __________________ formed paramilitary groups to destroy the old customs of China.

Cultural Revolution

Chinese political campaign by zedong to re-establish power of chinese communist party by mobilizing red guards to denounce intellectuals + to destroy old culture

Zhou Enlai

The Chinese leader who worked diligently with the United States to get the government to grant diplomatic recognition to China in the 1970's was __________________________.

Deng Xiaoping

______________________________ was a powerful Chinese leader from the 1970's until his death in 1997.

Four Modernizations

The major policy goals of Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping were known as the __________________ which focused on national defense, science and technology among other things.

Tiananmen Square

________________________________ is a public area in Beijing where a massive democratic protest in 1989 was brutally stopped by the force of the Chinese government/military.

Xi Jinping

President of China. Been compared to Mao Zedong. CCP launch. Eliminated presidential terms.

Belt and Road Initiative

China is attempting to build a new silk road through 28 countries in Asia. A way to control global trade. Launched by President Xi Jinping.