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Mutation
A change or alteration to DNA, leading to potential effects on mRNA transcription and protein translation.
Spontaneous Mutations
Mutations that arise from inaccuracies during DNA replication.
Induced Mutations
Mutations caused by environmental agents known as mutagens.
Mutagen
An environmental agent, either chemical or physical, that can alter DNA.
Chemical Mutagens
Chemicals that can enter the cell nucleus and directly alter DNA, such as tobacco smoke or nitrous acid.
Physical Mutagens
Forms of radiation that directly damage DNA, such as ultraviolet (UV) rays or X-rays.
Point Mutation
A small scale mutation affecting a single base pair in the DNA sequence.
Missense Mutation
A point mutation that results in a different amino acid being inserted into the protein.
Nonsense Mutation
A mutation that creates a premature stop codon, resulting in a non-functional protein.
Silent Mutation
A mutation that does not affect the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein.
Frameshift Mutation
A mutation caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotides that shifts the reading frame of the DNA.
Large Scale Mutations
Mutations that can involve multiple nucleotides, entire genes, or large regions of a chromosome.
Gene Duplication
The process where a gene or group of genes is copied to multiple regions of chromosomes.
Large Scale Deletion
The removal of entire coding regions of DNA, potentially affecting cellular function.
Translocation
The movement of a group of genes from one chromosome to another, often leading to negative effects.
Inversion
When a portion of DNA containing one or more genes reverses its direction in the genome.
Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion
An increase in the number of repeats of a trinucleotide sequence, which can lead to disorders such as Huntington’s Disease.
