types of reactions

oxidation reaction

a loss of electrons, loss of hydrogens, or gain of oxygen

always occurs with a reduction reaction

Oxidation of primary alcohols

loss of 2 hydrogen atoms to form an aldehyde

oxidation of secondary alcohols

loss of 2 hydrogen atoms to form a ketone

Combustion of alcohols

alcohols can undergo complete combustion in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water, heat and light.

substitution reactions

replacing one substituent on a saturated organic compound with another substituent

hydration

the addition of water across a double bond, converting alkenes to alkanes and adding alcohol. requires heat and a catalyst

halogenation

the addition of a halogen across a double or triple bond. (eg. adding Cl or Br) converting alkenes to alkanes

hydrohalogenation

the addition of a hydrohalide (HCl or HBr) across a double or triple bond.

polymerisation

the addition of many monomers to form a polymer. needs a catalyst, heat and high pressure.

condensation reactions

when 2 molecules form to combine a larger molecule and a small by-product such as water. amides and esters are synthesized by condensation reactions

esterification

when esters are synthesised when a carboxylic acid and alcohol react. this reaction is reversible.

amide synthesized

synthesised from carboxylic acids and amines

Hydrogenation

is a reduction reaction. when hydrogen is added to a hydrocarbon chain and converts it from an alkene/ alkyne to an alkane.