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Tehran Conference
First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war
Percentages Agreement
The 1944 agreement made between Churchill and Stalin that divided the various nations of Eastern Europe into spheres of influence based on percentages.
Yalta Conference
FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War
Lublin Poles v. London Poles
polish elections: lublin communist supported by Stalin vs london poles supported by Churchill (source of conflict at Yalta)
Potsdam Conference
The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. They agreed the USSR would declare war on Japan.
Atomic Bomb
bomb dropped by an American bomber on Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroying both cities and not shared with the USSR or Great Britain.
Big Three
allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt
Grand Alliance
the alliance between the United Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany during World War II
Bizonia and Trizonia
May 29, 1947: Combination of British and US regions of Berlin, to which the French zone was soon added (April 1949)
Deutschmark
German mark; the currency for Western Germany that helped spark the Berlin Blockade in 1948
Long Telegram
The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war.
George Kennan
American diplomat who stressed the need to contain communism within its current borders
Dean Acheson
He was a Secretary of State under Harry Truman. It is said that he was more responsible for the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine than those that the two were named for.
George Marshall
United States general and statesman who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program
Iron Curtain Speech
Given by the former Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill, in Missouri, in which he talks about the dangers of communism engulfing Europe.
Truman Doctrine
1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey
Marshall Plan
A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)
Cominform
Soviet organization whose purpose was to denounce Marshall Plan aid.
Comecon
Soviet Union and its "satellite" states formed the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance for economic cooperation; viewed as the Soviet counterpart to the Marshal Plan and mimicked early attempts by western Europe to integrate economically
Greece and Turkey
The locations where the US first tried to stop the spread of communism by giving $400 million in economic and military aid to stabilize the countries and keep the appeal of communism down
$400 Million
amount given to Greece and Turkey to prevent communism from taking hold
$12.5 billion
how much foreign aid the Marshall plan provided to any European country that requested it
Yugoslavia
The E. European country that did take Marshall Plan Aid and was thus expelled from Cominform
Czech Coup
A Soviet supported coup in which the government of Czechoslavkia, the last independent government in Eastern Europe, was replaced by a communist regime that was a puppet of the Soviet Union.
Jan Masaryk
the foreign minister and son of the founder of Czechoslovakia that was murdered by the members of the Cominform
Containment
A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances
Allied Control Council
Four-country administrative team that ran Germany after WWII. This group was effectively dissolved in March 1948, when trizonal fusion occurred.
FRG (Federal Republic of Germany)
The Western government in western Germany formed by Trizonia.
GDR (German Democratic Republic)
The name given to East Germany which was created in October 1949.
NATO
an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
Warsaw Pact
An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO
Berlin Blockade
The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.
Operation Vittles
With help from the Royal Air force, the United States began an around-the-clock airlift of historic proportions that delivered nearly 2 million tons of supplies to West Berliners.
Candy Bomber
Gail Halvorsen dropped candy to children during the Berlin Airlift.
General Clay
Governor of the US occupied zone who attempted to force the Soviets to agree to Western economic policy in Germany by announcing in May 1946 that no further deliveries of reparations goods would be made to the Soviet Union.
Reparations "in kind"
Stalin's agreement to take reparations in Germany by dismantling German factories and materials.
Satellite States
Countries in Eastern Europe that were independent but became politically and economically influenced/dependent on the Soviet Union. Also known as the Eastern Bloc.
Stasi
East German secret police
Salami Tactics
USSR tactics to gain political control of Eastern Europe by removing opposition.
Red Army
the name of the Soviet Union's military during WWII and that later occupied E. Europe
democratization, denazification, demilitarization (disarmament), decentralization (divided)
What were the 4 "D"s?
Two Camps Doctrine
proposed idea that the world was divided into an imperialist camp headed by America, and a democratic camp headed by the Soviet Union
First World
a term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies led by the USA
Second World
the communist and state-planned countries of the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and China (Cold War)
Third World
Term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War.
IMF, World Bank, WTO
Sought to spread the principles and practices associated with free market economics throughout the world.
UN Security Council
A body of five great powers (which can veto resolutions) and ten rotating member states, which makes decisions about international peace and security including the dispatch of UN peacekeeping forces.
Red Scare
fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life
Red Summer
refers to the race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities in the United States during the summer and early autumn of 1919. In most instances, whites attacked African Americans but also blamed the unrest on communism and strikes across the USA
Finlandization
A solution to conflict whereby the Soviet Union would agree to tolerate different domestic systems in eastern Europe as long as its allies cooperated on foreign policy.
Dollar Imperialism
This is the accusation the USSR leveled at the USA in response to the Marshall Plan. The USSR argued that the USA was trying to control the world by stealth, by dominating other countries economically, making them dependent on the US economy. The Soviets argued that this economic control would inevitably lead to political control.
Mr. X Article
article in Foreign Affairs (magazine) written by George Kennan promoting a "policy of firm containment, designed to confront the Russians with unalterable counterforce at every point where they show signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world"
Molotov
Stalin's foreign minister who declares that Western Democracies are enemies to the Soviet Union
