procedural

true

T/F: A search conducted by a private party is not a Fourth Amendment search.

armed robbery

Which of the following circumstances provides the most support for an automatic frisk?

False

T/F: Voluntary contacts between citizens and police officers are seizures.

precedents

Court opinions refer to past cases to back up their reasoning and their decision in the present case. What are these prior decisions called?

the government action had a discriminatory effect and a discriminatory purpose.

In order to claim a violation of the equal protection clause, a claimant must prove that:

true

T/F: According to SCOTUS , there is no reasonable expectation of privacy for information voluntarily conveyed to third parties.

heat

​According to Kyllo v. U.S. (2001), the measurement of which of the following from the outside of a home constituted a Fourth Amendment search?

to protect officers

Which of the following is a legitimate purpose for a frisk?

False

T/F: Installing and monitoring a GPS receiver on a vehicle is never a Fourth Amendment search.

the individual right of privacy.

The Fourth Amendment balances the government's power to control crime and:

true

T/F: SCOTUS has held that a citizen can have a reasonable expectation of privacy in telephone conversations.

Without the use of force

The majority of arrests are made _____________.

subjective and objective privacy

What is needed to establish that government action is a search?

the Fourteenth Amendment

Which of the following amendments provides a defendant with the right to due process?

False

T/F: True or false: Most arrests require a warrant based on probable cause.

False

T/F: SCOTUS has held that citizens have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the telephone numbers they call.

third-party doctrine

What doctrine holds that, whenever we knowingly reveal our incriminating secrets, we assume the risk that our false friends will use them against us in criminal cases?

the presumption of regularity

What presumption assumes that the government is acting lawfully unless there is clear evidence to the contrary?

reasonable suspicion.

The standard of evidence necessary to detain a traveler at the border for a full-body search (beyond routine custom search) is:

false

T/F: True or false: Probable cause requires direct observation by the officer, rather than hearsay.

false

T/F: Citizens have a reasonable expectation of privacy in trash that has been put outside for collection.

no individualized suspicion, because of the importance of the state's interest in addressing the drunk driving problem.

Detaining a car briefly at a sobriety checkpoint requires:

whenever a police officer accosts an individual and restrains his or her freedom to walk away, he has "seized" that person.

In Terry v. Ohio (1968), SCOTUS examined a stop and frisk of a citizen on the street to investigate a robbery. They held:

bank records

People have no reasonable expectation of privacy in which of the following?

the least invasive type of search

Frisks are:

some minimum level of objective justification.

Reasonable suspicion needed to make a stop requires:

false

T/F: An officer conducting a protective pat-down search can never seize any items other than weapons.

false

T/F: True or false: The Supreme Court has ruled that it is unreasonable for police to arrest someone for a minor traffic offense.

can be one of the factors in the entire picture of reasonable suspicion.

Categorical suspicion:

text messages

SCOTUS has not yet decided if searches of certain types of technology constitute Fourth Amendment searches. Which of the following has not been addressed by SCOTUS?

a hearing of the facts before sentencing

Besides notification of charges, what is the other procedural element that is required to satisfy the definition of a "fair trial" under the fundamental fairness doctrine?