Studied by 7 people
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
a stressor is called as the ______________
primary appraisal
our ability to respond to a stressor is called as the ______________
secondary appraisal
resilience
personal strength to cope and recover
catastrophe
large-scale disasters
example of catastrophes
earthquakes, hurricanes, wildfires, wars
examples of significant life changes
leaving home, having a loved one die, debt, losing a job, getting divorced
examples of daily hassles
aggravating housemates, overflowing to-do lists, social media interruptions
“burnout”
feeling ineffective, emotionally depleted, and disconnected
approach and avoidance motives
the drive to move toward or away from a stimulus
approach-approach
least stressful; two attractive but incompatible goals
avoidance-avoidance
two undesirable alternatives
approach-avoidance
simultaneously attracted and repelled
general adaption syndrome (GAS)
Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Phase 1 of GAS
alarm reaction
Phase 2 of GAS
resistance
Phase 3 of GAS
exhaustion
tend-and-befriend response
under stress, people often provide support to others and bond with an seek support from others
health psychology
a subfield of psychology that provided psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychology, neural, and endocrine processes together affect our immune system and resulting health
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; a leading cause of death in many developed countries
stress can play a big role in ____________
heart disease
catharsis
the idea that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
cope
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive or behavioral methods
problem-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to our stress reaction
personal control
our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
learned helplessness
hopelessness and passive resignation humans and other animals learn when unbale to avoid repeated aversive events
external locus of control
the perception that outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
internal locus of control
the perception that we control our own fate
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; also helps alleviate depression and anxiety
biofeedback
system of recording, amplifying, and feeding back information about subtle physiological responses in an effort to help people control them
mindfulness meditation
a reflective practice in which people attend to current experiences in a non judgmental and accepting manner
feel-good-do-good phenomenon
people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood
positive psychology
the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
subjective well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life; used along with measures of objective well-being to evaluate people’s quality of life
adaption-level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgements relative to a neutral level defines by to prior experience
relative deprivation
the perception that we are worse off relative to those whom we compare ourselves
behaviorism
to turn to direct observations of behavior
cognition
mental processes
consciousness
our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment
cogitative neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (thinking, knowing remembering and communicating)
selective attention
focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
cocktail party effect
your ability to attend to only one voice within a sea of many as you chat with a party guest
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
change blindness
failing to notice changes in the environment; a form of inattention blindness
dual processing
principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
blindsight
a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it
parallel processing
processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
sequential processing
processing one aspect of a stimulus or problem at a time; generally used to process new information or to solve difficult problems
sleep
a periodic, natural loss of consciousness-as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation
true or false: when people dream of performing some activity, their limbs often move in concert with the dream
false
true or false: older adults sleep more than young adults
false
true or false: sleep walkers are acting our their dreams
false
true or false: sleep experts recommend treating insomnia with an occasional sleeping pill
false
true or false: some people dream every night; others seldom dream
false
circadian rhythm
our biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle
REM sleep
rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur; also called paradoxical sleep because the muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active
alpha waves
the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxes, awake state
hallucinations
false sensory experiences, like seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
delta waves
large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep
Sleep stage N1
fleeting images
sleep stage N3
minimal awareness
REM
story-like dream
superchiasmatic nucleus
pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls the circadian rhythm
true or false: pineal gland produces melatonin
true
5 proposed reasons for why we need sleep
survival, immune system, consolidate memories, creativity, growth
insomnia
recurring problems in falling or staying alseep
narcolepsy
sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks
sleep apnea
sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep repeated momentary awakenings
night terrors
sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; occur during N3 sleep; mroe common in children
a well-rested person would be more likely to have ____________
quick reaction times
a sleep deprived person would be more likely to _________________
gain weight
dreams
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
manifest content
according to Freud, the symbolic, remembered story line of a dream
latent content
according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream
REM rebound
tendency for REM sleep in increase following REM sleep deprivation
psychoactive drugs
a chemical substance that alters the brain, causing changes in perception and moods
substance use disorder
disorder characterized by continues substance use despite significant life disruption
depressants
drugs (alcohol, barbiturates, and opioids) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
alcohol use disorder
called alcoholism; symptoms include tolerance, withdrawal, and drive to continue problematic use
barbiturate
drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
opioids
morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
stimulant
drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes
nicotine
a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco products
cocaine
a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria
methamphetamine
a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system with accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes
ecstasy
a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoria and social intimacy but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition
Ecstasy is the street name for
MDMA
hallucinogens
psychedelic drugs, like LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images int he absence of sensory input
near-death experience
altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; similar to drug-induced hallucinations
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
powerful hallucinogenic drug; also called acid
THC
major mind-altering ingredient in marjuana
learning
process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behavior
associated learning
learning that certain events occur together; may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response to its consequence (operant conditioning)
stimulus
any event or situation that evokes a response
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
operant behaviors
behavior that operates on the environment producing a consequence
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Flashcard (25)