KINE2495 Final Exam

At risk populations for hyperthermia

-athletes with large mass

-overweight athletes

-poor fitness

-history of heat illness

-children

-elders

why are athletes with a large mass at higher risk for heat stress

they require more metabolic activity and produce more heat

why are overweight athletes at higher risk for heat stress

volume of mass causes more insulation of heat

why are children at higher risk for heat stress

immature thermoregulation system and forget to drink water

what is heat stress

how heat from the external environment affects the body internally

how to prevent heat stress

hydration and staying cool

how much water does the body require when active

2-2.5L of water

how much fluid weight loss results in thirst

1-2% drop

how much fluid weight loss means dehydration

2% and over

dangers of dehydration

impairs cardiovascular and thermoregulation system

symptoms of dehyration

thirst, dizziness, nausea, fatigue, irritability, fainting, cramps

how much should athletes hydrate 2-3 hours before activity

17-20 fluid ounces

how much should athletes hydrate 10-20 minutes before activity

7-10 fluid ounces

what do sports drinks do

replenish electrolytes and provide energy

types of heat in the body

-metabolic

-convection

-conduction

-radiation

-evaporation

metabolic heat

heat produced from internal activities

conductive heat

blood flow

feet hitting the ground

convective heat

air/water floor

wind blowing removes heat from body

radiant heat

heat from sun/fire

heat from ground due to thermal and solar radiation

heat escaping body

evaporation heat

body transfers water to sweat glands

sweating

respiration

what type of heat is easier to tolerate

dry heat

humidity level at 65%

affects body’s thermoregulation system and evaporation cannot occur as effectively

humidity level at 75%

evaporation stops completely

stages of hyperthermia in order

heat syncope, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke

which stages of hyperthermia has no increase in core body temperature

heat syncope and heat cramps

what causes heat syncope

-standing in heat for too long

-lack of cool down after exercise

what happens in heat syncope

blood pools in the extremities so not enough blood is going to the brain

symptoms of heat syncope

dizziness and fainting

management of heat syncope

-lay down in cool environment

-consume fluids

-elevate lower extremities

what happen in heat cramps

-painful muscle spasms in the calves and abdomen

-excessive water loss and electrolyte imbalance

symptoms of heat cramps

-overexertion

-profusely sweating

what happens in heat exhaustion

-core temperature increases (less than 105F)

-inadequate fluid replacement

-inability to sustain adequate cardiac output

symptoms of heat exhuastion

-profuse sweating

-pale skin

-dizziness

-nausea

-hyperventilation

-persistent muscle cramps

-loss of coordination

treatment of heat exhaustion

-fluid ingestion (IV)

-cool environment

-remove excess clothing

what happens in heat stroke

-extreme heat (more than 104F)

-no sweating because body’s thermoregulation system failed

-can lead to CNS failure and organ collapse

minor CNS involvement in heat stroke

confusion, agitation, disorientation

major CNS involvement in heat stroke

hysteria, delirium, coma, collapse

how many people die from heat stroke

20% of people

treatment of heat stroke

-remove clothing

-sponge with cold water

-immersion

-ice packs

-transport to hospital

how does hypothermia happen

when heat loss exceeds heat production

what happens when heat is lost

-surface blood vessels constrict

-metabolic activity increases

-fat isn’t used as a fuel source

-shivering

what hormone increases metabolism

thyroxine

intrinsic factors of hypothermia

-lack of preparation

-restrictive clothing

-body type

-fatigue

-alcohol and tobacco

-circulatory impairment

-age

extrinsic factors of hypothermia

-wind

-rapid weather changes

-wet clothes

types of cold injuries on the extremities

-frostnip

-superficial frost bite

-deep frost bite

what is frostnip

-skin thats cold, red, and slightly numb

-no cell/tissue damage

what is superficial frostbite

-doesn’t affect deep subcutaneous tissue

-cells freeze

-skin turns white

-reversible

what is deep frostbite

-skin turns black/blue

-cells die

-not reversible

-requires amputation

systemic hypothermia

-core temperature drops below 94F

at what temperature does shivering stop

when core temperature is 90F

how to manage hypothermia

-remove from cold

-call emergency services

-remove wet clothes

-use warming devices

-warm drinks

-monitor heart

how to prevent hypothermia

-monitor weather

-wear layers

-have warm drinks

-avoid dehydration

blunt trauma from lightening

fractures and concussions

severe conditions from lightening strike

-cardiac asystole

-respiratory arrest

-internal organ damage

-brain lesions

thermal burns from lightening

thermal burns are rare and only happen if you have a metal object

-most common is the lichtenburg figure

lightening safety

seek indoor shelter immediately

what to avoid during lightening

-large trees

-light poles

-water

-telephones

-metal objects

how to determine the distance of lightening

count seconds between thunder and lightening and divide by 5 to estimate distance in miles

when can you return to play after lightening

only return after 30 minutes without thunder/lightening

affects from exposure of pollution

-impaired cardiovascular function

-emphysema

-chronic bronchitis

-lung cancer

factors that make the effects of pollution worse

-high temperatures

-old age

-high altitude

-time of day

-lung disease

-exercise

-oronasal breathing

nitrogen dioxide affects on body

-irritates lungs

-lowers resistance to respiratory infections

what is nitrogen dioxide

-light brown gas

-produced from automobiles, power plants, home heaters, and gas stoves

what is sulfur dioxide

-colourless gas

-comes from burning coal and petroleum

sulfur dioxide affects on the body

-increased resistance to air movement in and out of the lungs

-decreases lungs ability to expel foreign particles

-shortness of breath

-coughing

-fatigue

-increases chance of illness

what is carbon monoxide

colourless and odorless gas

carbon monoxide affects on the body

stops hemoglobins ability to transport oxygen to tissues in the body

prevention of affects from pollution

-stop activity during high pollution times

-avoid running in high traffic areas

-exercise when air temperature is lower

what is jet lag

-desynchronization of body’s circadian rhythm

how long does it take for protein metabolism to adapt to jet lag

immediately

how long does it take for body temp to adapt to jet lag

8 days

how long does it take for adrenal hormones to adapt to jet lag

3 weeks

symptoms of jet lag

-fatigue

-headache

-dizziness

-blurred vision

-impaired digestion

-blood pressure changes

how to prevent jet lag

-depart well rested

-eat according to time changes

-stay hydrated

-avoid alcohol

-use caffeine

affects of high altitude

-decrease in partial pressure of oxygen

-oxygen deficiency

-pulmonary and cerebral edema

-tachycardia

-hyperventilation

-fluid retention in cells

symptoms of high altitude pulmonary edema

-chest pain

-bloody, frothy cough

-tachycardia

-fever

-blue hands/feet

symptoms of high altitude cerebral edema

-swelling

-fatigue

-disorientation

-swollen eye lids

-coma

-death

pharmacokinetics

how drugs pass through the body

pharmacodynamics

how drugs effect the body

internal administration of drugs

-oral

-inhalation

-intramuscular

external administration of drugs

-ointments

-transdermal patches

-solutions

where does metabolism of drugs take place

-liver, blood, and kidneys

pathway of drugs in the body

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

effects of physical activity on pharmacokinetics

-decreases absorption from oral administration

-increases absorption from intramuscular or subcutaneous administration

what are diuretics

increase the excretion of urine

what are antipyretics

reduces body temperature

what are antibiotics

kill bacteria or inhibit their growth

what are analgesics

relieve pain

what are anaesthetics

produce local or general numbness

what are anti-inflammatories

reduce or control inflammation

what are narcotics

produce analgesic or hypnotic effects.

what are emetics

cause vomitting

what are stimulants

excite the nervous system

what are antitussives

inhibit or prevent coughing

what are antiseptics

can be placed on living tissue to kill bacteria

what are disinfectants

kills bacteria on non living objects

what does rubbing alcohol do

-kills bacteria immediately

-non irritating

how do antibiotics work

-interferes with metabolism of bacteria

-useful in skin and systemic infections

how do analgesics work

-decreases excitatory effect

-individual impulses are inhibited

signs of doping

-personality changes

-worsening grades

-depression

-more sleep

-less eating