MMW Lesson 6: Apportionment methods

________________ is the problem of dividing up a fixed number of things or objects among groups of different sizes.

Apportionment

________________ is a method of dividing a population into several parts

Apportionment

__________________ is used to determine how many people of a member of the house of representative will represent

Apportionment

_____________is the ratio between the total population and the total number to apportion

Standard divisor

__________________ is the whole number part of the quotient of a population divided by the standard divisor

Standard quota

____________________ is the standard quota ROUNDED DOWN to a whole number

Standard Quota Lower

_________________ is the standard quota ROUNDED UP to a whole number

Standard Quota Upper

__________________ is the standard quota ROUNDED OFF to a whole number

Standard Quota Round Off

Apportionment rules

1. The thing being divided up can exist only in ___________

2. We must use ____ of the things being divided up, and we cannot use any ________

3. Each group must get at least _______ of the things being divided up

4. The number of things assigned to each group should be at least approximately ____________ to the population of the group

whole numbers
all
more
one
proportional

The first CENSUS was to be taken in ________, less than 3 YEARS after the ratification of the Constitution. Once the numbers were in, the Congress had to decide how to use the data to apportion the Representatives. The also had to decide how many Representatives the House should have. In the spring of _____, they passed a bill to apportion the house, using a method proposed by _____________ and now known as ______________

1790
1792
Alexander Hamilton
Hamilton’s method

What are the 5 Apportionment methods?

1. -

2. -

3. -

4. -

5. -

Hamilton’s method
Jefferson’s method
Adam’s method
Webster’s method
Huntington-Hill Method

Alexander Hamilton proposed the method that now bears his name. His method was approved by U.S. Congress in _____ but was vetoed by ________________. It was later adopted in 1852 and used through 1911. Hamilton’s method provides a procedure to determine how many representatives each state should receive. Though it was the first method to be proposed , it wasn’t used by the US Congress until ____ .

1791
President Washington
1850

The ____________ says that the final number of representatives a state gets should be within one of that state’s quota. Since we’re dealing with whole numbers for our final answers, that means that each state should either go up to the next whole number above its quota, or down to the next whole number below its quota.

quota rule

__________________ proposed a new method of apportionment after President Washington vetoed Hamilton’s Method in 1791.

Thomas Jefferson

__________________ was used in Congress from 1791 to 1842

Jefferson’s method

_____________ is the method that tends to favor LARGER STATES

Jefferson’s method

The ________________ or ____________ is used in the Jefferson’s method

Modified divisor
Adjusted divisor

____________________ is an apportionment method proposed by former _____________________. A method similar to both Jefferson and Webster which uses ______________.

The difference is the quota will be __________ to the nearest whole number instead of following the normal rule of rounding.

Since we’re rounding up quota, we can say that our total allocations will yield larger number than the total number of representatives in the given problem so the modified divisor must be _________  standard divisor.

Adam’s method
U.S President John Quincy Adams
modified divisor
rounded up
greater than

__________________ was first proposed by ____________, a method very similar to Jefferson’s Method and Adam’s method.

The difference is that this method ___________ the quota to the nearest whole number rather than dropping it.

The Modified Standard Divisor (MSD) must be __________ the Standard Divisor (SD) when the total of the rounded sub-quotas is less than the required number of representatives otherwise the MSD must be ________ the SD.

Webster’s Method
Daniel Webster
rounds off
less than
greater than

________________ is credited to __________________ and ______________________. A method similar to Webster and Adams method used of rounding numbers. But rounding off numbers depends on comparting the quota and its _________________. 

Huntington-Hill method
Edward Vermilye Huntington
Joseph Adna Hill
geometric mean

Historically in the U.S., ________________ choose _________________ of apportionment in 1941 because it allot one more seat for the Democrats which was Roosevelt’s party. This could mean a chosen method might be politically motivated and not necessarily adopted because it is mathematically proven to be the best.

President Franklin Roosevelt
Huntington-Hill method