Unit 1 Lecture 1: Introduction to Pathology, Cellular Damage and Necrosis

Pathology

Study of disease nature, causes, and conditions produced by disease.

Pathophysiology

Study of how normal physiological processes are altered by disease.

Diagnosis

Identification of a specific disease through evaluation.

Prognosis

Prediction of recovery and disease outcome.

Etiology

Cause of disease (e.g., congenital defects, microorganisms).

Iatrogenic

Disease caused by medical treatment.

Idiopathic

Unknown cause of disease.

Predisposing Factors

Conditions indicating a high risk for disease.

Precipitating Factors

Conditions triggering acute disease episodes.

Prevention

Measures to keep illness from occurring (e.g., vaccines, lifestyle modifications).

Pathogenesis

Development sequence of the disease.

Acute Disease

Sudden onset, often severe (e.g., appendicitis).

Chronic Disease

Long-term, can have acute episodes (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis).

Latent/Incubation Period

Initial stage with no clinical signs.

Prodromal Period

Early disease stage with non-specific signs.

Signs

Objective indicators observable by others.

Symptoms

Subjective feelings noted only by the patient.

Syndrome

Collection of signs and symptoms occurring together.

Local Manifestations

Signs at the site of the problem.

Systemic Manifestations

Affecting the body as a whole.

Lesion

Structural tissue changes, may be visible or microscopic.

Biopsy

Tissue removal for microscopic examination.

Autopsy

Postmortem examination by a pathologist.

Remission

Subsidence of disease manifestations.

Exacerbation

Increase in disease signs.

Complications

Secondary issues arising from the original disease.

Sequelae

Unwanted outcomes of primary conditions.

Therapy

Treatment measures for recovery or disease control.

Morbidity

Disease rates in a population.

Mortality

Death rates from a disease.

Epidemiology

Study of disease patterns and occurrences.

Incidence

Number of new disease cases in a given timeframe.

Epidemic

Large cases in a localized area.

Pandemic

Widespread cases across regions.

Communicable Diseases

Spreadable infections.

Reportable Diseases

Must be reported to health authorities.