ELA 10

Theme

The central message or underlying idea of a literary work. | 主题

Motif

A recurring symbol, image, or idea that develops a theme. | 母题；反复出现的主题

Symbolism

The use of objects, people, or events to represent deeper meanings. | 象征

Allegory

A story in which characters and events represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. | 寓言；讽喻

Irony

A contrast between expectation and reality. | 反讽；讽刺

Verbal Irony

When a speaker says the opposite of what they mean. | 言语反讽

Situational Irony

When the outcome of a situation is opposite of what is expected. | 情境反讽

Dramatic Irony

When the audience knows something the characters do not. | 戏剧性反讽

Foreshadowing

Hints or clues that suggest future events in a story. | 伏笔

Flashback

A scene that interrupts the chronological order to show an earlier event. | 倒叙；闪回

Conflict

A struggle between opposing forces. | 冲突

Internal Conflict

A struggle within a character's mind. | 内心冲突

External Conflict

A struggle between a character and an outside force. | 外部冲突

Characterization

The methods used by an author to develop characters. | 人物塑造

Protagonist

The main character of a story. | 主角

Antagonist

The force or character opposing the protagonist. | 反派；对立角色

Dynamic Character

A character who changes significantly throughout the story. | 成长型人物

Static Character

A character who remains essentially unchanged. | 静态人物

Round Character

A complex character with many traits. | 丰满人物

Flat Character

A simple character with few traits. | 扁平人物

Point of View

The perspective from which a story is told. | 叙述视角

First-Person Point of View

The narrator is a character using "I" or "we." | 第一人称

Third-Person Limited

The narrator knows the thoughts of one character. | 第三人称有限视角

Third-Person Omniscient

The narrator knows the thoughts and feelings of all characters. | 第三人称全知视角

Tone

The author's attitude toward the subject or audience. | 语气；态度

Mood

The emotional atmosphere experienced by the reader. | 氛围

Diction

The author's choice of words. | 用词

Syntax

The arrangement of words and sentences. | 句法

Imagery

Language that appeals to the five senses. | 意象；感官描写

Figurative Language

Language that is not meant to be taken literally. | 修辞语言

Metaphor

A comparison stating one thing is another. | 隐喻

Simile

A comparison using "like" or "as." | 明喻

Personification

Giving human qualities to non-human things. | 拟人

Hyperbole

Deliberate exaggeration for emphasis. | 夸张

Oxymoron

A phrase combining contradictory terms. | 矛盾修辞法

Paradox

A statement that seems contradictory but reveals a truth. | 悖论

Juxtaposition

Placing two ideas side by side for contrast. | 并列对比

Allusion

A reference to another literary work, historical event, or cultural figure. | 典故；引用

Connotation

The emotional or cultural meaning associated with a word. | 内涵意义

Denotation

The literal dictionary definition of a word. | 字面意义

Inference

A conclusion reached using evidence and reasoning. | 推论

Claim

The main argument presented by a writer. | 论点

Evidence

Facts, examples, or quotations supporting a claim. | 证据

Reasoning

The explanation connecting evidence to a claim. | 推理

Counterargument

An opposing viewpoint addressed by the writer. | 反方论点

Bias

A tendency to favor one perspective unfairly. | 偏见

Credibility

The trustworthiness or reliability of a source. | 可信度

Perspective

A particular way of viewing or understanding an issue. | 观点；视角

Audience

The intended readers or listeners of a text. | 受众

Purpose

The author's reason for writing. | 写作目的

Thesis

A sentence expressing the central argument of an essay. | 论文主旨

Foil

A character who underscores or enhances the distinctive characteristics of another by contrast. | 烘托对比角色；陪衬

Alliteration

The repetition of the same consonant sounds at the beginning of words. | 头韵

Assonance

The repetition of similar vowel sounds within nearby words. | 腹韵；元音韵

Consonance

The repetition of consonant sounds within or at the end of words. | 尾韵；辅音韵

Satire

The use of humor, irony, or exaggeration to expose and criticize flaws or vices. | 讽刺文学

Stream of Consciousness

A literary style that presents a character's continuous flow of thoughts. | 意识流

Exposition

The background information about characters and setting at the start of a story. | 故事交代；开端

Inciting Incident

The event that hooks the reader and sets the main conflict in motion. | 导火线；引发事件

Climax

The turning point and most intense moment of a story. | 高潮

Resolution

The conclusion of the story where loose ends are tied up. | 结局；落幕

Ethos

An appeal to credibility, ethics, or trustworthiness. | 道德诉求；公信力

Pathos

An appeal to emotion, pity, or psychology. | 情感诉求

Logos

An appeal to logic, reason, evidence, or facts. | 逻辑诉求