Ch 15 CD

gender expression

the manner in which individuals express their gender through appearance and behavior

gender identity

self categorization of ones gender

non binary

individuals who do not exclusively identify as one gender; includes gender-fluid, bigender, and agender identities

gender typing

the process of gender socialization

gender nonconforming

gender expression that do not conform to societal norms associated with ones assigned or self identified gender

minoritized

members of marginalized and subordinate groups in a society who are subjected to discrimination; includes gender-minoritized and sexual minoritized groups

effect size

magnitude of difference between two groups averages and the amount of overlap in their distributions

androgens

class of steroid hormones that normally occur at slightly higher levels in biological males than in biological females and that effect physical development and functioning from the prenatal period onward

organizing influences

potential result of certain sex linked hormones affecting brain differentiation and organization during prenatal development or at puberty

activating influences

potential result of certain fluctuation in sex linked hormone level affecting the contemporaneous activation of the nervous system and corresponding behavioral responses

self socialization

active process during development whereby children cognitions lead them to perceive the world and to act in accord with their expectations and beliefs

gender schemas

organized mental representations (concepts, beliefs, memories) about gender including gender stereotypes

ingroup/outgroup gender schema

categorizing whether other people or objects are associated with one’s gender ingroup

own- gender schema

the accumulated knowledge and beliefs associated with ones self identified gender

gender schema filter

initial evaluation of information as being personally interesting

interest filter

initial evaluation of information as being personally interesting

tuition

learning through direct teaching

enactive experience

learning to take into account the reactions ones past behavior has evoked in others

observational learning

learning through watching other people and the consequences others experience as a result of their actions; also emphasized in gender schema theory

self regulation

process whereby children monitor their behavior and evaluate how well it matches their personal standards

aka self socialization

self-efficacy

personal agency or confidence in ones ability to preform a particular behavior

ingroup bias

tendency to evaluate individuals and characteristic of the ingroup more positively than (or as superior to) those of the outgroup

ingroup assimilation

process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the groups norm, demonstrating the characteristics that define the ingroup

between group contrast

tendency to view ones ingroup as distinct and thereby exaggerate perceived differences with other groups

intersectionality

the interconnectedness of social identities such as gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and class, especially in relation to overlapping systems of discrimination or disadvantage

psychological salience of gender

ways in which the prominence of gender is enhanced through perceptually distinctive physical attributes, disproportional representation of one gender in particular activities use of gender labels, and use of gender categories to organize activities

categorization

use of gender labels that increases the likelihood of group attribute association essentialism and ingroup bias

opportunity structure

the economic and social resources available to members in a society based on their gender, race, income, and other factors

intersex conditions

rare conditions in which an individual of one genetic sex can develop genitalia associated with the other genetic sex or undergo only partial development of genitalia associated with their genetic sex

aka differences in sex development

congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

condition during prenatal development in which the adrenal glands produce high levels of androgens, sometimes associated with masculinization of external genitalia in genetic females and sometimes associated with higher rates of masculine stereotyped play in genetic females

androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

condition during prenatal development in which androgen receptors malfunction in genetic males impeding the formation of male external genitalia and they usually identify as girls and prefer feminine stereotyped play

perceptual categorization

perceiving distinctions among objects in the environment that have different physical properties such as prototypical women’s and men’s appearance

conceptual categorization

mental categories or concepts that are defined by particular attributes

gender attitudes

evaluate views regarding people adoption of cultural gender norms

gender segregation

children’s tendency to associate with same gender peers and to avoid other gender peers

gender constancy

understanding that a person gender is stable over time and invariant across situations

gender role flexibility

recognition of gender roles as social conventions and adoption of more flexible attitudes and interests

gender role intensification

heightened concerns with adhering to traditional gender roles that may occur during adolescence

ambivalent sexism

models of sexism that includes two components, hostile sexism (endorsement of men’s dominance with negative views of women seeking equality) and benevolent sexism (the belief that men need to protect women, and that women and men have complementary traits)

felt gender typicality

sense of similarity and belonging with one’s gender ingroup

gender role contentedness

satisfaction with the expected roles and opportunities associate with ones gender ingroup

gender centrality

the personal importance of one’s gender identity relative to other social identities

balanced identity model

understanding of self socialization based on the premise that individuals seek consistency across their self concepts, group identity, and group attribute associations

stereotype emulation hypothesis

premise that children assume other members of their handed ingroup share their own personal attributes and interest

identity construction hypothesis

premise that children are more likely to identify with their gender ingroup when their own personal social attributes and interest match their stereotyped beliefs about their gender ingroup

situated expectancy-value theory of achievement

explanation of academic achievement based on the premise that individuals are most motivated in subjects that they expect to succeed and which they value.

also emphasizes these motivational values beliefs are shaped via children social contexts

affliction

tendency to affirm connections with other through being emotionally open, empathetic or supportive

assertion

tendency to take action on behalf of the self through competitive indepedent or aggressive behavior

collaboration

coordination of assertion and affiliation in behavior such as making initiatives for joint activity; in contrast to behaviors that are controlling (high assertion and low affiliation), obliging (high affliction and lower assertion) and withdrawing (low assertion and low affiliation)

direct aggression

overt physical or verbal acts aimed at causing harm directly to someone

indirect aggression

covert efforts to damage a persons social standing indirectly through negative gossip and social exclusion

aka social aggression or relational aggression