A + P Chapter 2 - The Chemistry of Life

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Last updated 5:32 PM on 8/11/26
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127 Terms

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atomic number

amount of protons

<p>amount of protons</p>
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p+ and n0 weight

1 amu

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isotope

atom with same element, different neutrons

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radioisotopes

unstable isotopes

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ionizing radiation

enough energy to dislodge electrons from atoms, forming ions

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alpha rays

consist of positively charged particles

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beta rays

negatively charged

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gamma rays

electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies

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biological half life

time for substance to be half physiologically cleared

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Si unit for radiation

sievert

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radon

natural source of radiation

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ions

charged atoms

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ionization

electron transfer

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anion

gain electron, negative charge

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cation

lose electron, positive charge

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valence

charge of ion

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strong electrolytes

substances that completely dissociate into ions in solution

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weak electrolytes

weak acids and weak bases

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nonelectrolytes

substances that form no ions in water and cannot conduct electricity

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free radicals

chemical particles with an odd number of electrons, harmful

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antioxidant

give electron to free radical

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compound

substance made with 2+ elements

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molecule

two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

<p>two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds</p>
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isomer

compounds with same formula, different structures

<p>compounds with same formula, different structures</p>
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ionic bond

the attraction between oppositely charged ions, weak

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covalent bond

chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

<p>chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons</p>
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single bond

one pair of shared electrons

<p>one pair of shared electrons</p>
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double bond

two pairs of shared electrons

<p>two pairs of shared electrons</p>
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nonpolar bond

covalent bond, electrons are shared equally

<p>covalent bond, electrons are shared equally</p>
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polar bond

covalent bond, electrons are shared unequally

<p>covalent bond, electrons are shared unequally</p>
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hydrogen bond

weak attraction with slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative atom

<p>weak attraction with slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative atom</p>
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solvent

the dissolving agent of a solution, more abundant

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hydration sphere

sheath of water molecules around ion

<p>sheath of water molecules around ion</p>
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adhesion

attraction between molecules of different substances

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cohension

an attraction between molecules of the same substance

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solute

substance being dissolved

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colloid

mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out

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suspension

mixture, particles can be seen/separated by settling or filtration

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emulsion

colloidal dispersion of a liquid in another

<p>colloidal dispersion of a liquid in another</p>
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molarity

moles of solute/liters of solution

<p>moles of solute/liters of solution</p>
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mole

the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance

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equivalent (Eq)

for ions, the amount equal to 1 mol of charge

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Milliequivalent (mEq)

unit of measure for electrolytes in a solution

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acid

compound that forms H+ ions in solution; proton donor

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base

compound that produces hydroxide ions in solution; proton acceptor

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blood pH

7.35-7.45

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pH

hydrogen ion concentration

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potential energy

stored energy due to position or internal state

<p>stored energy due to position or internal state</p>
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kinetic energy

energy of motion

<p>energy of motion</p>
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heat energy

kinetic, generated by molecular motion

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electromagnetic energy

kinetic energy of electromagnetic waves

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chemical reaction

ionic or covalent bonds formed or broken

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decomposition reaction

larger ---> smaller

<p>larger ---> smaller</p>
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synthesis reaction

smaller ---> larger

<p>smaller ---> larger</p>
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exchange reaction

bonds made and broken; molecules shuffled

<p>bonds made and broken; molecules shuffled</p>
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reversible reaction

products can be converted back to reactants

<p>products can be converted back to reactants</p>
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law of mass action

greater quantity of concentration = higher reaction rate

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equilibrium

a state of balance between products and reactants

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reaction rates increase when

more concentrated, temp rises, catalysts

<p>more concentrated, temp rises, catalysts</p>
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catabolism

break covalent bonds, release energy, exergonic

<p>break covalent bonds, release energy, exergonic</p>
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anabolism

create covalent bonds, energy storing, endergonic

<p>create covalent bonds, energy storing, endergonic</p>
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exergonic

releases energy

<p>releases energy</p>
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endergonic

requires energy

<p>requires energy</p>
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oxidation

loss of electrons

<p>loss of electrons</p>
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reduction

gain of electrons

<p>gain of electrons</p>
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reducing agent

electron donor

<p>electron donor</p>
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oxidation-reduction reaction

reaction where electrons are transferred

<p>reaction where electrons are transferred</p>
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organic chemistry

study of carbon compounds

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carbon backbones

long chains, branched molecules, rings

<p>long chains, branched molecules, rings</p>
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hydroxyl

-OH

<p>-OH</p>
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methyl

-CH3

<p>-CH3</p>
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carboxyl

-COOH

<p>-COOH</p>
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amino

-NH2

<p>-NH2</p>
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phosphate

-H2PO4

<p>-H2PO4</p>
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polymer

repetitive series of monomers

<p>repetitive series of monomers</p>
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polymerization

joining monomers to form polymer

<p>joining monomers to form polymer</p>
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dimer

two monomers

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hydrolysis

chemical process, splits molecule by adding water

<p>chemical process, splits molecule by adding water</p>
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dehydration synthesis

molecules connected by a loss of water

<p>molecules connected by a loss of water</p>
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monosaccharides

single sugar molecules

<p>single sugar molecules</p>
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disaccarides

2 monosaccarides

<p>2 monosaccarides</p>
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sucrose

glucose + fructose

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lactose

glucose + galactose

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maltose

glucose + glucose

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polysaccharides

large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides

<p>large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides</p>
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glycogen

storage form of glucose

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starch

storage form of glucose in plants

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cellulose

carbohydrate component of plant cell walls

<p>carbohydrate component of plant cell walls</p>
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conjugated

attached to a protein

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glycoprotein

protein with carbohydrate attached

<p>protein with carbohydrate attached</p>
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glycolipid

lipid with carbohydrate attached

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proteoglycan

a large molecule consisting of a small core protein, carbohydrate chains attached

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lipid

macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes

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unsaturated fatty acid

unsaturated with hydrogen; room for more

<p>unsaturated with hydrogen; room for more</p>
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saturated fatty acid

saturated with hydrogen

<p>saturated with hydrogen</p>
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triglyceride

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

<p>glycerol + 3 fatty acids</p>
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adipose tissue

collection of fat cells

<p>collection of fat cells</p>
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phospholipid

a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule

<p>a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule</p>
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amphiphilic

compounds with polar and nonpolar parts

<p>compounds with polar and nonpolar parts</p>
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eicosanoids

lipids derived from arachidonic acid

<p>lipids derived from arachidonic acid</p>