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Realism
Theory viewing politics as competition among states
Key actors in Realism
States primarily involved in international relations
Dominant human drives in Realism
Fear and desire to dominate others
Actor's primary goals in Realism
Power or security through competition
Dominant processes of interaction in Realism
Competition among states for power
Dominant structural feature of Realism
Hobbesian anarchy without centralized authority
Dominant bodies of theory in Realism
Balance-of-power theory and hegemonic transition
Key actors in Liberalism
States and nonstate actors in global affairs
Dominant human drives in Liberalism
Fear and desire for welfare and justice
Actor's primary goals in Liberalism
Welfare, justice, and security for individuals
Actor's dominant instruments in Liberalism
Military power, trade, investment, negotiation
Dominant processes of interaction in Liberalism
Competition and cooperation among actors
Dominant structural feature of Liberalism
Non-Hobbesian anarchy promoting cooperation
Dominant bodies of theory in Liberalism
Neoliberal constitutionalism and Democratic Peace
Marxism
Theory emphasizing class struggle and economic inequality
Key actors in Marxism
Economic classes: bourgeoisie and proletariat
Dominant human drives in Marxism
Greed driving capital-owners and workers
Actor's primary goals in Marxism
Wealth for capital-owners, fair wages for workers
Actor's dominant instruments in Marxism
Exploitation of labor for profit maximization
Dominant processes of interaction in Marxism
Class struggle influencing international relations
Dominant structural feature of Marxism
Economic inequalities shaping global interactions
Dominant bodies of theory in Marxism
Dependency theory and theories of revolution
Constructivism
Theory focusing on social construction of reality
Key actors in Constructivism
States and nonstate actors in social contexts
Dominant human drives in Constructivism
Need for orderly, meaningful social life
Actor's primary goals in Constructivism
Interests shaped through social interaction
Actor's dominant instruments in Constructivism
Social constraints like laws and norms
Dominant processes of interaction in Constructivism
Identity and interests evolve through interaction
Dominant structural feature of Constructivism
Dependence on historical period and context
Dominant bodies of theory in Constructivism
Structuration and theories of norm evolution
Selfishness
Hinders genuine cooperation among states
National Interest
Guides state actions for maintenance or expansion
Zero Sum Game
One nation's gain equals another's loss
Security Dilemma
One state's security efforts threaten others' security
Arms Race
Competition between states to build military strength
Liberalism
Theory rejecting power politics for cooperation and mutual benefits
Anarchic Relations
No regulating force among nations exists
Balance of Power
Alliances of equals to maintain peace
International Organizations
Entities aimed at reducing conflict and promoting cooperation
Democratic Peace Theory
Democracies rarely engage in conflict with each other
Global Interdependence
Actions in one state affect others globally
Free-Market Capitalism
Economic system favored by neoliberalism
Normative Constraints
Moral guidelines influencing state behavior
Institutional Constraints
Rules and structures limiting state actions
Self-Perpetuating Cycle
Continuous cycle of behavior reinforcing itself
Kantian Assumptions
Democracies will refrain from using force against other democracies; economically important trades create incentives and maintain peace; IO can constrain decision-makers by positively promoting peace
Economic Openness
Increased trade and economic links promote peace
International Law
Legal frameworks governing state interactions
Intergovernmental Organizations
Groups formed by multiple governments for cooperation
Economic Incentives
Promote peace and cooperation among states
Democracy
Governance through negotiation and compromise
Autocracy
Governance through threat and force
Economic Interdependence
Mutual reliance among states for economic benefits
International Institutions
Facilitate cooperation and collective outcomes globally
Zero-Sum Game
One state's gain equals another's loss.
Hegemony
Dominance of one state over others.
Barriers to Cooperation
Lack of information and cheating concerns hinder collaboration.
Absolute Gains
States cooperate to maximize their own benefits.
Mutual Benefits Game
Cooperation leads to shared advantages among states.
Freerider Problem
Natural inclination complicates genuine cooperation
Post-War Hegemonic Stability
US dominance after WWII shaped global order.
Fear and Paranoia
Realist view of state behavior in anarchy.
Neoliberalism
Modified liberalism favoring free-market capitalism.
Anarchy
Absence of a common central power/governing authority in international relations.
Neorealism
Focus on power distribution as key to international relations.
Collective Outcomes
Results achieved through cooperation among states.
Mutual Benefit
Cooperation yielding advantages for multiple actors.
Effective International Law
Regulations fostering peace and cooperation.
Democratic Institutions
Structures supporting democracy at national and global levels.
Negotiation and Compromise
Democratic methods for conflict resolution.
Threat and Force
Autocratic methods for conflict resolution.
Self-Defense Level Arms
Limiting arms to necessary defense capabilities.
Public Accountability
Democratic leaders answerable to citizens.
Repressive Governance
Autocratic leaders suppressing dissent.
Perpetual Survival Cycle
Ongoing insecurity leading to arms buildup.
