Gender and Society: Sex, Gender, and Filipino Women (Notes)

Fill-in-the-blank flashcards covering sex vs. gender concepts, gender subordination, feminism, and women in population, employment, and education in the Philippines.

In humans, sex has acquired cultural dimensions and is influenced, but not dictated by .

biological circumstances

The female produces the egg cell, or ovum; the male provides the that fertilizes it.

sperm

Chromosomes determine sex: an XX combination produces a .

female

Chromosomes determine sex: an XY combination produces a .

male

Intersex individuals may have chromosomal makeup XX or XY, while some are truly 'neuter' with the chromosomal makeup .

XO

The main function of hormones is to stimulate the development of primary sex characteristics, and they are also responsible for the development of .

secondary sex characteristics

Gender refers to differentiated social roles, behaviors, capacities, and characteristics attributed by culture to women and men; there are two genders: masculine, ascribed to the male sex; and , ascribed to the female.

feminine

The way the society is organized according to sex is referred to as the system.

sex-gender

In the Zuni Indians, women are the sexual .

aggressors

The production–reproduction distinction is that production is men’s sphere, while reproduction is ’s sphere.

women's

In the Philippines, the myth of Filipino arises from beliefs about gender roles.

matriarchy

The double standard of morality condones while demanding female chastity.

male promiscuity

Engels argued that the rise of private property led to the practice of to control women's sexuality.

monogamy

To support men in the factories, society assigns women the task of maintaining the .

home

The first wave of feminism began in the 1840s to secure the right to .

vote

Radical feminism envisions eliminating gender itself and looks toward new reproductive technology to separate women's bodies from the process of .

childbearing

Filipino women won the right to vote in .

1937

In 2022, women held about % of elected positions in the Philippines.

24%

As of July 2, 2025, the Philippines population is approximately .

116,785,727

Life expectancy for women at birth is years.

72.82

Life expectancy for men at birth is years.

66.89

The 2020 PSA data noted a sex ratio of males per 100 females for the overall population.

103

Under 15, the sex ratio was males per 100 females.

107

The 2023 overall sex ratio was about males per 100 females.

99.5

The 2023 median age of marriage was for women.

28

The 2023 median age of marriage was for men.

30

According to PSA, there were about total households in 2020.

25.2 million

The average household size in 2020 was persons.

4.1

As of 2024, about million Filipinos were employed in tourism.

6.75

In the Philippines, most women in the tourism workforce are in roles such as housekeeping, food service, or reception.

lower-skilled front-line

In the BPO sector, over half of workers are women and they are mostly in roles such as call center agents.

voice-based

FLEMMS stands for the Literacy, Education, and Mass Media Survey.

Functional

FLEMMS is conducted by the .

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)

In barangay captain elections, women accounted for about of candidates.

21.53%

In barangay council elections, women accounted for about of candidates.

30.23%

In the 1992 Philippine presidential race, women were among the six contenders.

two

There were registered marriages in 2023.

414,213

By 2025, the number of households is projected to reach approximately million.

25.9

A progressive law upholding women's equal role in nation-building is the .

Magna Carta of Women

A foundational legal framework supporting gender equality alongside the Magna Carta of Women is the .

1987 Constitution