Sociology Ch. 14 Population and Urbanization

demography

the study of size, composition, growth (or shrinkage), and distribution of human populations.

mathus theorem

an observation by thomas malthus that although the food supply increases arithmetically, population grows geometrically.

Demographic transition

stage 1: high birth rates and high death rates

stage 2: high birth rates and low death rates

stage 3: low birth rates, and low death rates

stage 4 of population shrinkage: death outnumbers births

population pyramid

a graph that represents the age and sex of a population

demographic variables

the three factors that change the size of a population:

1. fertility

2. morality

3. net migrations

fecundity

number of children that women are capable of bearing

crude birth rate

the annual number of live births per 1000 population

crude death rate

the annual number of deaths per 1000 population

net migration rate

difference between the numver of immigrants and emigrants per 1000 population

basic demographic equation

the growth rate equals births minus deaths plus net migration

urbanization

the process by which an increasing lives in cities and ahs a growing influence on the culture

metropolis

a central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs

megalopolis

an urban area consisting at least two metropolises and their many suburbs

megacity

a city of 10 million or more residents

mega region

a merging of megacities and nearby populated areas into an even larger mass of people

metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

a central city and the urbanized counties adjacent to it

edge city

a large clustering of service facilities and residential areas near highway intersections that provides a sense of place to people who live shop, and work there

suburbanization

the migration of people from the city to the suburbs

human ecology

robert parks term for the relationship between people and their environment (such as land and structures); also known as urban ecology.

invasion-succession cycle

the process of one group of people displacing another group whose racial-ethnic or social class characteristics differ from their own

redlining

a decision by the officers of a financial institution to not make loans in a particular area