Anatomy and Physiology - Skeletal and Muscular Systems

A comprehensive vocabulary deck covering bones, muscles, anatomical directions, movement terminology, bone types, and skeletal functions based on the lecture notes.

5 Functions of the Skeleton

Provides shape and support, enables movement, protects vital organs, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.

Cranium

Bone name for skull.

Clavicle

Collarbone.

Humerus

Bone in upper arm.

Ulna

Bone from pinky to elbow.

Radius

Bone from thumb elbow.

Sternum

Bone in between ribs.

Ribs

Bones that surround the lungs.

Mandible

Jaw bone.

Carpals

Wrist bones.

Metacarpals

Bones in palm of hand.

Pelvis (pelvic girdle)

Hip bone.

Femur

Thigh bone.

Patella

Kneecap.

Tibia

Shin bone.

Fibula

Bone that runs on the back of lower leg.

Tarsals

Ankle bones.

Metatarsals

Bones that run from the heel to the ball of foot.

Phalanges

Toes and fingers.

Coccyx

Tailbone.

Sacrum

Bone at the base of the spine.

Vertebral column

Bone name for spine.

Long bones

Bones longer than they are wide, mainly in arms and legs.

Short bones

As long as they are wide, cube shaped.

Flat bones

Thin, protect internal organs, attach muscles.

Irregular bones

Vary in shape, protect organs or attach tendons.

Superior

Closer to the head than another part.

Inferior

Closer to the feet than another part.

Anterior

Towards the front of the body.

Posterior

Closer to the back of the body.

Medial

Towards the imaginary midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the laginary midline of the body.

Proximal

A body part closer to its attachment point.

Distal

A body part further away from the point of attachment than another.

4 Functions of Muscles

Allow movement, heat production, posture and body support, and protect organs.

Deltoid

Shoulder muscle.

Trapezius

Triangle shaped muscle at the base of neck and shoulders.

Pectoralis major

Chest muscles.

Latissimus dorsi

Large flat muscle on the middle to lower back.

Biceps

Muscle on the front of upper arm.

Triceps

Muscle on the back of upper arm.

Rectus abdominis

Muscles on your belly.

Erector Spinae

Long vertical back muscles that run on either side of the spine.

Gluteus maximus

Butt muscles.

Quadriceps

Thigh muscles.

Hamstrings

Back thigh muscles.

Gastrocnemius

Calf muscle.

Tibialis anterior

Front of lower leg muscle.

Satorius

Upper thigh muscle.

Wrist flexors

Muscles on the forearm when palm is facing up.

Wrist extensors

Muscles on the forearm when the palm is facing down.

Flexion

A movement that decreases the angle between the parts of a joint.

Extension

A movement that increases the angle between the part of a joint.

Abduction

The movement of a body part away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

The movement of a body part towards the midline of the body.

Pronation

A rotational movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned backwards (downwards facing).

Supination

A rotational movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned forwards (upward facing).

Plantar flexion

Extending the foot; fooiting the toes.

Dorsiflexion

Turning the toes and foot upwards, beyond normal standing position.

Agonist

The muscle that is contracting (primarily responsible for the movement of a body part).

Antagonist

The muscle that is relaxing or lengthening.

Composition of Bones

Red bone marrow (makes blood), cancellous (spongy) bone, compact (hard) bone, periosteum (outer surface).

Number of bones in an adult body

$$206$$

How to take care of bones

Eat/drink dairy products (contains calcium), wear protective gear during sport, stay active to strengthen bones.