Honors Chemistry Chapter 5

What is the chemical formula for table sugar (sucrose)?

C12H22O11, indicating carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a 12:22:11 ratio.

How do the properties of compounds differ from those of their constituent elements?

The properties of compounds, like sucrose, differ significantly from those of the individual elements such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

What defines a compound in contrast to a mixture?

A compound consists of elements combined in fixed, definite proportions, while a mixture has variable proportions.

What is the significance of subscripts in a chemical formula?

Subscripts indicate the number of atoms of each element in a compound; changing them results in a different compound.

What is the chemical formula for carbon monoxide?

CO, which is different from carbon dioxide (CO2) due to the number of oxygen atoms.

What is the order of elements in a chemical formula?

Most metallic elements are listed first, followed by nonmetals, with specific rules for nonmetals based on their position in the periodic table.

What are polyatomic ions?

Groups of atoms that act as a unit, often with a charge, and can be represented in chemical formulas with parentheses and subscripts.

How do you determine the number of each type of atom in a compound like Mg(NO3)2?

There is one magnesium atom and two nitrate (NO3−) groups, calculated by multiplying the subscript outside the parentheses by the subscripts inside.

What are the three types of chemical formulas?

Empirical formula (simplest ratio), molecular formula (actual number of atoms), and structural formula (shows how atoms are connected).

What is the difference between molecular and ionic compounds?

Molecular compounds are formed from nonmetals and consist of molecules, while ionic compounds are formed from metals and nonmetals and consist of ions.

What are atomic elements?

Elements that exist in nature as single atoms, such as mercury.

What are molecular elements?

Elements that exist as diatomic molecules, such as chlorine (Cl2) and oxygen (O2).

Name the seven elements that exist as diatomic molecules.

Hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), fluorine (F2), chlorine (Cl2), bromine (Br2), iodine (I2).

What is a structural formula?

A representation that uses lines to show chemical bonds and how atoms are connected in a molecule.

What is a molecular model?

A visual representation of a molecule's 3D structure, which can be shown in ball-and-stick or space-filling models.

What is the empirical formula for hydrogen peroxide?

HO, while its molecular formula is H2O2.

What is the role of subscripts in representing polyatomic ions?

Subscripts indicate the number of each type of atom in the polyatomic ion and are placed outside parentheses when multiple groups are present.

What is the importance of fixed ratios in compounds?

Fixed ratios ensure that compounds have constant composition, which is essential for their chemical identity and properties.

What happens if you change the subscript in a chemical formula?

Changing a subscript results in a different compound, altering its identity and properties.

What distinguishes a molecular compound from an ionic compound?

Molecular compounds are formed from nonmetals and consist of molecules, while ionic compounds consist of ions formed from metals and nonmetals.

How are chemical formulas structured for compounds without metals?

The more metal-like nonmetal is listed first in the formula.

What is the significance of the periodic table in determining the order of elements in a formula?

Elements are ordered based on their metallic character, with metals listed before nonmetals and specific rules for nonmetals.

What are the seven elements that exist as diatomic molecules?

Hydrogen (H₂), Nitrogen (N₂), Oxygen (O₂), Fluorine (F₂), Chlorine (Cl₂), Bromine (Br₂), Iodine (I₂).

What defines a molecular compound?

A molecular compound is formed from two or more nonmetals, with basic units being molecules composed of constituent atoms.

What is the basic unit of ionic compounds?

The basic unit of ionic compounds is the formula unit, consisting of cations and anions in a three-dimensional array.

How are ionic compounds formed?

Ionic compounds are formed when a metal loses electrons to a nonmetal, creating positive and negative ions that attract each other.

What is the charge-neutrality rule for ionic compounds?

The sum of the charges of the cations must equal the sum of the charges of the anions.

How do you determine the formula for a compound formed between magnesium and chlorine?

You need two chloride ions for every one magnesium ion, resulting in the formula MgCl₂.

What is the first step in naming an ionic compound?

Identify it as an ionic compound, which consists of a metal and one or more nonmetals.

What are Type I ionic compounds?

Type I ionic compounds contain metals with constant charges, typically main group elements.

How do you name the compound NaCl?

The name is sodium chloride, where sodium is the cation and chloride is the anion.

What are Type II ionic compounds?

Type II ionic compounds contain metals with variable charges, often found in transition metals.

What is the formula for the compound containing calcium and nitrate ions?

The formula is Ca(NO₃)₂, indicating two nitrate ions for every one calcium ion.

What is the significance of polyatomic ions in ionic compounds?

Polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that carry a charge and can be part of ionic compounds.

What is the formula for acetate?

The formula for acetate is C₂H₃O₂⁻.

What is the formula for sulfate?

The formula for sulfate is SO₄²⁻.

What is the formula for hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)?

The formula for hydrogen carbonate is HCO₃⁻.

What is the formula for hydroxide?

The formula for hydroxide is OH⁻.

What is the formula for phosphate?

The formula for phosphate is PO₄³⁻.

What is the formula for ammonium?

The formula for ammonium is NH₄⁺.

What is the formula for permanganate?

The formula for permanganate is MnO₄⁻.

What is the formula for nitrite?

The formula for nitrite is NO₂⁻.

What is the formula for chlorate?

The formula for chlorate is ClO₃⁻.

What is the formula for bromide?

The formula for bromide is Br⁻.

What is the formula for iodide?

The formula for iodide is I⁻.

What is the formula for fluoride?

The formula for fluoride is F⁻.

What is the formula for sulfide?

The formula for sulfide is S²⁻.

What is the charge of chromium in chromium(II)?

Chromium has a charge of 2+.

What is the charge of chromium in chromium(III)?

Chromium has a charge of 3+.

What is the older name for chromium(II) oxide?

Chromous oxide.

What is the older name for chromium(III) oxide?

Chromic oxide.

What is the charge of iron in iron(II)?

Iron has a charge of 2+.

What is the charge of iron in iron(III)?

Iron has a charge of 3+.

What is the older name for iron(II)?

Ferrous.

What is the older name for iron(III)?

Ferric.

What is the charge of cobalt in cobalt(II)?

Cobalt has a charge of 2+.

What is the charge of cobalt in cobalt(III)?

Cobalt has a charge of 3+.

What is the older name for cobalt(II)?

Cobaltous.

What is the older name for cobalt(III)?

Cobaltic.

What is the charge of copper in copper(I)?

Copper has a charge of 1+.

What is the charge of copper in copper(II)?

Copper has a charge of 2+.

What is the older name for copper(I)?

Cuprous.

What is the older name for copper(II)?

Cupric.

What is the charge of tin in tin(II)?

Tin has a charge of 2+.

What is the charge of tin in tin(IV)?

Tin has a charge of 4+.

What is the older name for tin(II)?

Stannous.

What is the older name for tin(IV)?

Stannic.

What is the charge of mercury in mercury(I)?

Mercury has a charge of 1+.

What is the charge of mercury in mercury(II)?

Mercury has a charge of 2+.

What is the older name for mercury(I)?

Mercurous.

What is the older name for mercury(II)?

Mercuric.

What is the charge of lead in lead(II)?

Lead has a charge of 2+.

What is the charge of lead in lead(IV)?

Lead has a charge of 4+.

What is the older name for lead(II)?

Plumbous.

What is the older name for lead(IV)?

Plumbic.

What is the naming convention for Type II ionic compounds?

The charge of the metal cation must be specified using Roman numerals.

How do you determine the charge of the metal from the formula of a compound?

The charge of the metal cation is determined by the total negative charge of the anions.

What is the naming convention for acids containing oxyanions ending in -ite?

They are named by replacing -ite with -ous in the acid name.

What is the naming convention for acids containing oxyanions ending in -ate?

They are named by replacing -ate with -ic in the acid name.