Review 3 Biology – Microbes, Fungi, Plants & Invertebrates

A comprehensive set of Q&A flashcards covering microbes, fungi, plants, and invertebrate biology concepts and terminology drawn from the lecture notes.

Which protozoan group includes the parasites that cause African sleeping sickness?

Zooflagellates (genus Trypanosoma).

What basic feature qualifies an organism as a microbe?

It is small enough that a microscope is required to see it.

Microbiology is the study of microbes. Which major life-form is NOT considered a microbe?

Plants.

Which beneficial role is often incorrectly attributed to bacteria because it is performed mainly by plants and algae?

Being the primary producers of most ecosystems.

Which of the following is NOT an agent of evolutionary change?

Random mating.

Which statement about cyanobacteria is FALSE?

They are eukaryotic.

Name a well-known unicellular green alga.

Chlamydomonas.

Which description best defines a chemoautotrophic bacterium?

An organism that reduces CO₂ to organic compounds using energy and electrons obtained from inorganic chemicals.

What biological term literally means “change through time”?

Evolution.

Match the fungal phyla: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota.

Ascomycota – sac fungi; Basidiomycota – club fungi; Zygomycota – zygospore fungi.

Which statement about viruses is FALSE?

Viruses are larger than most bacteria.

Which two organisms form a lichen?

A partnership of cyanobacteria (or green algae) with a fungus.

Which of the following is NOT a fungus?

Brown algae.

Filamentous structures that absorb nutrients in fungi are called _.

Hyphae.

Which fungus is NOT a sac fungus: Dutch Elm disease fungus, Yeast, Black Bread Mold, or Penicillium?

Black Bread Mold (Rhizopus) – it is a zygospore fungus.

A chain of asexual spores in sac fungi is called _.

Conidia.

Cup-like reproductive structure that names the sac fungi.

Ascocarp.

In a mutualistic relationship, who benefits?

Both participating species benefit.

Crustose, fruticose, and foliose are three growth forms of _.

Lichens.

The stigma, style, and ovary together make up which floral part?

The carpel (pistil).

A cone-bearing plant is called a(an) _.

Gymnosperm.

Which group of vascular plants bears seeds in this list: ferns, horsetails, club mosses, whisk ferns, gymnosperms?

Gymnosperms.

Whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails, and ferns are collectively known as _.

Seedless vascular plants.

During pollination, pollen grains land on the _.

Stigma.

The largest and most diverse group of seedless vascular plants is the _.

Ferns.

What key feature found in most land plants is missing in mosses?

Vascular tissue.

In which floral organ are pollen grains actually produced?

The anther of the stamen.

The anther and filament together form the _.

Stamen.

Which word means “to begin to grow,” especially in a seed?

Germination.

Which floral part usually provides the color and scent that attract pollinators?

Petals.

Root epidermal extensions that greatly increase surface area are called _.

Root hairs.

Which plant organ is the main aerial axis that bears leaves?

The stem.

Thick-walled, lignified cells that support mature plant parts are _ cells.

Sclerenchyma.

Seed leaves of an embryo are known as _.

Cotyledons.

Plant vascular tissue consists of and .

Xylem and phloem.

The point on a stem where a leaf or bud is attached is called a _.

Node.

Earthworms belong to which phylum?

Annelida.

Spiders, ticks, mites, and scorpions are in the class _.

Arachnida.

What is the largest animal phylum?

Arthropoda.

Which phylum includes bilaterally symmetrical, coelomate, usually dioecious animals such as snails, squid, and octopuses?

Mollusca.

In mollusks, the tissue that secretes the shell and participates in gas exchange is the _.

Mantle.

An unlined body cavity (i.e., not fully lined with mesoderm) characterizes a _ animal.

Pseudocoelomate.

A true coelom is a body cavity that is _.

Completely lined with mesoderm.

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of sponges?

Water enters through a single cavity, the osculum (water actually exits there).

What structure allows tapeworms to attach to a host’s intestinal wall?

The scolex.

Where is the bacterial chromosome located?

In the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm.

What provides rigid structural support to most bacterial cells?

The cell wall (containing peptidoglycan).

Which bacterial appendage is used primarily for motility?

Flagellum.

During a Gram stain, Gram-negative bacteria appear _.

Pink (or red).

A sticky, gel-like outer layer that helps bacteria adhere to surfaces is called the _.

Capsule (or glycocalyx).

Excavates are often called flagellates because they move by means of _.

One or more flagella.

How does a paramecium normally reproduce asexually?

By binary fission.

All members of the Kingdom Protista are _ cells.

Eukaryotic.

Do euglenas move and feed with pseudopodia?

No. They use one or two flagella.

Name a colonial green alga that forms spherical colonies.

Volvox.

Bread mold belongs to which genus?

Rhizopus.

Parasitic fungi obtain nutrients from _.

Living hosts.

Organisms that obtain nutrients from non-living organic matter are called _.

Saprobes (saprotrophs).

The upright stalk that supports a mushroom cap is called the _.

Stalk (or stipe).

The ascocarp is the reproductive structure characteristic of which fungal group?

Sac fungi (Ascomycota).

The food-absorbing body of a fungus, composed of a network of hyphae, is the _.

Mycelium.

Mushrooms are classified as _ fungi.

Club fungi (Basidiomycota).

In Division Bryophyta (mosses), which generation dominates the life cycle?

The gametophyte generation.

In seedless vascular plants, which generation is dominant?

The sporophyte generation.

Which plant division (phylum) contains fronds and reproduces by spores on the underside of leaves?

Pterophyta (ferns).

Do bryophytes possess true vascular tissue?

No; they are non-vascular plants.

Cnidarians exhibit which type of body symmetry?

Radial symmetry.

True jellyfish belong to which cnidarian class?

Scyphozoa.

The word “Porifera” literally means _.

Bearing pores.

What specialized stinging capsules are unique to cnidarians?

Nematocysts.

A liver fluke belongs to which flatworm phylum?

Platyhelminthes (flatworms).

Filarial (heart) worms in dogs belong to which worm group?

Roundworms (Phylum Nematoda).