The Female Reproductive System

Onset of physical puberty by 8

precocious puberty

No breast development and absence of menstruation by 13 or the absence of menstruation by 15

delayed puberty

During the which phases does estradiol have a have a negative feedback effect

follicular, luteal

During the which phases does estradiol have a have a positive feedback effect

midcycle (ovulation)

what is the most potent and plentiful form of estrogen

estradiol

which form of estrogen is converted from androgen in the ovaries

estrone

which form of estrogen is the peripheral metabolite of estradiol and estrone

estriol

what is the hormone of pregnancy that is dependent upon LH

Progesterone

primarily male sex hormones that are produced in small amounts in women

androgens

responsible for thickening the uterine lining for implantation, prevents uterine contractions, prepares milk for milk production, and prevents mothers immune system from rejecting the fetus

progesterone

what secretes female sex hormones

estrogen and progesterone

what does the ovarian cortex contain

ovarian follicles, thecal cells, and granulosa cells

______ is the release of an ovum

ovulation

what are the three layers of the uterus

endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

innermost layer of the vagina contains _____

rugae

what is a harmless resident bacterium that maintains acidic PH

Lactobacillus acidophilus

In the breast _________ separate and suppport 15-20 pyramid shaped lobes

cooper ligaments

during pregnancy the breast become composed of __________ that synthesize milk

secretory acini

what is typically the first sign of female puberty

breast development

what is typically the first sign of male puberty

testes enlargement

high amount of of estrogen during pregnancy develop what for milk production

glandular tissue

lobules of the _________ of the mammary glands are lined by epithelial cells

alveoli/acini

__________ cells contract for milk excretion

myoepithelial

Ducts from each alveoli converge to form __________

lactiferous duct

the ________ phase is initiated by low estrogen levels

follicular

_______ stimulates the follicles in the ovary to grow and produce estrogen

FSH

the ___________ secretes progesterone to ready the uterus for a possible pregnancy

corpus luteum

If the egg is not fertilized the corpus luteum involutes and becomes what

the corpus albican

in a 28 day cycle how many follicles grow

8-12

the duration of a menstrual cycle typically is 28 days but can range from

20-45 days

what are the two main goals of the female sexual cycle

release a single ovum, prepare uterine endometrium for implantation

at 9-12 production of _____ increases initiating puberty

LH and FSH

epithelial cells of the vagina grow maximally during the

follicular phase

after ovulation, when the layers of keratinized cells overgrow the basal epithelium

cornification

near the end of the luteal phase when leukocytes invade the vaginal epithelium, removing the outer layers

decornification

progesterone results an _____ in temperature

increase

at the end of the luteal phase, 1-3 days before menstuation temperature _______

decreases

explain the ovarian cycle

primary follicle, secondary follicle, graafian, ovulation, corpus lutem, corpus albicans

Days 1-13 : ________

Day 14: ________

Day 14-28: ________

follicular, ovulation, luteal phase

when does the LH peak occur

ovulation

Proliferative phase: days _____
Secretory phase days: ______

1-14; 14-28

explain the maturation of a follicle

primordial follicle → primary follicle → secondary follicle → mature (graafian) follicle

what happens during stage one of follicular/proliferation (phase 1)

GnRH inc FSH, primordial cell to primary follicle, results in an oocyte with granulosa cells surrounding it

what happens during stage two of follicular/proliferation (phase 1)

GnRH continues to inc FSH, primary to secondary follicle, oocyte with granulosa and thecal cells, the basement membrane separates

what happens during stage three of follicular/proliferation (phase 1)

GnRH increases LH & FSH, which increases estrogen (mainly)/ progesterone (some), this results in the proliferation of the endometrium, creation of the antrum (fluid-filled space), and high estrogen begins the negative feedback of dec FSH/LH

what happens during ovulation/midcycle (phase 2)

Graafian cell ruptures and releases oocyte, positive feedback loop of high estrogen and high FSH.LH, LH surge occurs, oocyte moves via the fimbriae to the fallopian tube

what happens during the Luteal/secretory phase (phase 3)

LH still high which stimulates the thecal cells to prduce progesterone and estrogen, this drives the corpus luteum development, the corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen

what happens during the menses phase (phase 4)

corpus luteum regresses to the corpus albicans, dec of progesterone and estrogen, results in endometrial lining loss

what happens during the pregnancy phase (phase 4)

trophoblast secrete pregnancy hormone (human chronic gonadotropin)

in the ovarian cycle what is the main function of FSH

stimulate growth

in the ovarian cycle what is the main function of estrogen

to provide negative/positive feedback

the follicular phase is driven by _______ production

estrogen

the luteal phase is driven by _______ production

progesterone

when does the LH surge occur

ovulation

what is the primary progesterone producer

corpus luteum

progesterone levels peak during which phase

luteal

goal of this hormone is to prepare and maintain endometrium for possible implantation by reducing the uterine contractility to prevent expulsion of the embryo

progesterone

Main goal is to support endometrial growth and vascularization, maintain secondary sex characteritics

Estrogen

normal development that marks the end of reproduction

Menopause

As we age how does the endometrium change

thickness increases

ovaries begin to decrease in size around age

30

what is the criteria for menopause

amenorrhea for 12 consecutive months

what are four causes of infertility in women

ovulation problems, permeability of tubes, cervical mucus problems, uterine abnormality

painful menstruation associated with prostaglandin release in ovulatory cycles

primary dysmenorrhea

painful menstruation related to pelvic pathologic condition at any time in the menstrual cycle; occurring later in life

secondary dysmenorrhea

what is the pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea

excess prostaglandins that causes high frequency uterine contractions, increased intrauterine pressure, uterine ischemia

What is the classifications for amenorrhea

absence of menstruation by 13 w/o secondary sex characteristics or by 15 regardless of the presence or absence of secondary sex characteristics

absence of menstruation due to genetic or anatomical abnormalities

primary amenorrhea

what is the 7/7/21 rule

7 pad/day, 7 days, 21 days btwn periods

abnormal bleeding in duration, volume, frequency, or regularity; presents for majority of previous 6 months

abnormal uterine bleeding

heavy or irregular bleeding without disease

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

irregular periods → ________

excessive periods → _________

metorrhagia; menorrhagia

what is the pathogenesis of abnormal uterine bleeding

corpus luteum does not form, absence of progesterone, unopposed estrogen, results in endometrial sloughing

PCOS now PMOS (polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome) must meet two of what criteria

oligomenorrhea, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries on ultrasound