2025-26 Aca Deca So Sci

• Wilson, Woodrow (1856−1924)

Democratic President of the United States from 1913–21, known for his "Fourteen Points" and being the main architect of the League of Nations. He suffered a massive stroke in his final year in office.

• Keynes, John Maynard

British economist who commented on Wilson's power.

• Pershing, General John “Black Jack”

Commander of the American Expeditionary Force in Europe during World War I.

• Clemenceau, Georges

French Prime Minister, part of the "Big Three" at the Paris Peace Conference.

• George, David Lloyd

British Prime Minister, part of the "Big Three" at the Paris Peace Conference.

• Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele

Representative of Italy at the Paris Peace Conference.

• Lodge, Henry Cabot (1850−1924)

Massachusetts Senator, Republican chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, and de facto majority leader, who opposed Wilson and the League of Nations.

• Roosevelt, Theodore

Wilson's greatest rival and friend/political ally of Henry Cabot Lodge. His expansionist policy was based on sea power.

• Borah, William E.

Isolationist Republican Senator from Idaho, an "Irreconcilable".

• Wilson, Edith

Woodrow Wilson's wife, who took charge after his stroke.

• Roosevelt, Franklin D.

Assistant Secretary of the Navy, later President, inspired by Wilsonian vision. He created the social welfare system in the 1930s and his New Deal policies were attacked by Father Coughlin. He would coordinate an emergency public relief program as Governor of New York and defeat Hoover in 1932. He revived Wilson's idealism after WWII.

• Gompers, Samuel

Leader of the AFL during WWI, who observed a patriotic truce with business.

• Coolidge, Calvin (1872−1933)

Massachusetts Governor who handled the Boston police strike, leading to his political rise. Later U.S. President (1923-1929), nicknamed "Silent Cal". He promoted pro-business policies.

• Palmer, A. Mitchell (1872−1936)

Attorney General under Wilson, responsible for the federal crackdown on labor and subsequently the "Red Scare".

• Hoover, J. Edgar (1895−1972)

Twenty-four-year-old law school graduate tapped by Palmer to lead the General Intelligence Division (GID), which became the FBI.

• Goldman, Emma

Famous anarchist deported during the Palmer Raids.

• Schenck, Charles

Socialist Party leader in Philadelphia convicted under the Sedition Act.

• Holmes, Oliver Wendell Jr. (1841−1935)

Supreme Court Justice who authored decisions in Schenck v. United States, Debs v. United States, Abrams v. United States, and Buck v. Bell.

• Debs, Eugene (1855-1926)

Renowned labor leader and frequent Socialist presidential candidate convicted under the Sedition Act. He ran for president from prison in 1920.

• Abrams, Jacob

Russian-born defendant in Abrams v. United States, prosecuted under the Sedition Act.

• Clarke, Justice

Authored the majority opinion in Abrams v. United States.

• Sacco, Nicola

Italian immigrant, anarchist, charged with murder and executed in 1927.

• Vanzetti, Bartolomeo

Italian immigrant, anarchist, charged with murder and executed in 1927.

• Johnson, James Weldon

African-American author and civil rights activist who coined the phrase "Red Summer".

• Williams, Eugene

African-American teenager whose murder sparked the Chicago race riot in 1919.

• Garvey, Marcus (1887−1940)

Jamaican-born founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), promoting Black nationalism and a "Back-to-Africa" platform.

• Booker T. Washington

His ideals inspired Marcus Garvey.

• Du Bois, W. E. B. (1868−1963)

America's leading Black intellectual, co-founder of the NAACP, and rival of Marcus Garvey.

• Malcolm X

Son of active UNIA members, who revived Black Nationalism in the 1960s.

• Volstead, Andrew

Minnesota Congressman who introduced the National Prohibition Act.

• Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1896−1940)

Literary bard of the 1920s, known for his novels like The Great Gatsby.

• Fitzgerald, Zelda

F. Scott Fitzgerald's wife, considered the archetypical flapper.

• Paul, Alice (1885−1977)

Leader of the National Woman's Party (NWP), known for militant protest tactics and advocating for the Equal Rights Amendment.

• Catt, Carrie Chapman (1859−1947)

Leader of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), a more moderate wing of the suffrage movement.

• Rankin, Jeannette (1880−1973)

Montana Congresswoman, the first woman elected to national office.

• Harding, Warren G. (1865−1923)

Republican President (1921-1923), known for his "Return to Normalcy" campaign and administration plagued by corruption.

• McKinley, William

Republican President, political role model for Harding.

• Taft, William Howard

Republican President, political role model for Harding. Later Chief Justice who administered the oath of office to Hoover.

• Cox, James

Ohio Governor, Democratic opponent of Harding in the 1920 election.

• Hughes, Charles Evans

Harding's Secretary of State, led the American delegation at the Washington Naval Conference.

• Ponzi, Charles (1882−1949)

Italian immigrant and Boston financier who masterminded a pyramid scheme.

• Hoover, Herbert (1874−1964)

Dynamic mining engineer, Secretary of Commerce (1921-1929), and later U.S. President (1929-1933).

• Mellon, Andrew W. (1855−1937)

Pittsburgh banking and aluminum titan, served as Secretary of the Treasury (1921-1932) under three Republican administrations.

• Daugherty, Harry (1860−1941)

Small-town Ohio lawyer, Harding's campaign manager, appointed Attorney General, led the "Ohio Gang" and resigned due to corruption scandals.

• Smith, Jess

Daugherty's right-hand man, involved in influence peddling and the alien property scandal.

• Britton, Nan

Young secretary who had an extra-marital affair with President Harding and gave birth to his daughter.

• Burns, William

Daugherty's boyhood friend, installed as head of the Bureau of Investigation.

• Miller, Thomas

Early Harding backer, Alien Property Custodian, convicted of conspiracy to defraud the government.

• Forbes, Colonel Charles R.

Harding's friend, head of the Veterans’ Bureau, solicited bribes and fled the country.

• Fall, Albert (1861−1944)

Former New Mexico Senator, Harding's Secretary of the Interior, convicted in the Teapot Dome Scandal.

• La Follette, “Fighting Bob”

Progressive Wisconsin Senator who called for an investigation into the Teapot Dome Scandal.

• Doheny, Edward L.

Wealthy oilman involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal.

• Sinclair, Harry

Wealthy oilman involved in the Teapot Dome Scandal, jailed for contempt of Senate.

• Harding, Lou Henry

Herbert Hoover's wife.

• Stone, Harlan Fiske

Respected legal scholar appointed Attorney General by Coolidge, later served on the Supreme Court.

• Purinton, Edward Earl

Declared business could redeem the human race.

• Barton, Bruce

Advertising executive who published The Man Nobody Knows, recasting Jesus Christ as a businessman.

• Dawes, Charles

Chicago Banker who headed the international commission that developed the Dawes Plan.

• Morgan, J. P.

Financier enlisted by Dawes for the loan to Germany.

• Ford, Henry (1863−1947)

Pioneering industrialist who made the automobile accessible, revolutionized production with the assembly line, and introduced the five-dollar daily wage.

• Kahn, Albert (1869−1942)

Architect who designed Ford's Highland Park factory.

• Taylor, Frederick W. (1856−1915)

Popularized principles of "scientific management" that influenced Ford's assembly line.

• Durant, William C.

Ford's great rival, ran General Motors and set up a credit purchasing corporation.

• Sarnoff, David (1891−1971)

Visionary RCA executive, anticipated broadcasting, and was instrumental in developing television.

• Conrad, Dr. Frank

Electrical engineer who started the first true radio station, KDKA.

• Wilson, George Bailey (Jimmy Stewart)

Character in It's a Wonderful Life who staves off a bank run.

• Jolson, Al

Vaudeville performer starring in The Jazz Singer.

• Fairbanks, Douglas (1883−1939)

Hollywood heartthrob of the silent era, starred in The Thief of Bagdad, co-founded United Artists.

• Valentino, Rudolph (1895−1926)

Hollywood heartthrob of the silent era, starred in The Sheik.

• Pickford, Mary (1892-1979)

"America's Sweetheart" of the silent screen, married to Douglas Fairbanks, co-founded United Artists.

• Chaplin, Charlie

Comedic actor, co-founded United Artists.

• Griffith, D. W.

Director, co-founded United Artists, and directed Birth of a Nation.

• Bow, Clara (1905−65)

"It" girl, epitomized the flapper ideal in films like It.

• Swift, Taylor

Contemporary musician who paid homage to Clara Bow.

• Jones, Bobby (1902−71)

Amateur golfer who won thirteen major championships, popularizing the sport.

• Tilden, William (1893−1953)

American tennis player, world's top-ranked amateur.

• Ederle, Gertrude (1905−2003)

Twenty-year-old New Yorker, Olympic gold medalist, first woman to swim the English Channel.

• Ruth, Babe (1895−1948)

New York Yankees slugger, epitomized celebrity athlete, set single-season home run record.

• Gehrig, Lou

Pictured with Babe Ruth.

• Grange, Red (1903−91)

Star halfback for the University of Illinois, whose popularity signaled the rise of college sports.

• Lynd, Robert Staughton and Helen Merell Lynd

Married academics who co-authored Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture.

• Evans, Hiram Wesley

"Imperial Wizard" of the KKK, summarized its mission as "Native, white, Protestant supremacy".

• Grant, Ulysses S.

President who ordered federal troops to crush the KKK during Reconstruction.

• Ark, Wong Kim

Chinese man whose birthright citizenship was affirmed by the Supreme Court in 1898.

• Ozawa, Takao

Japanese man whose bid for naturalized citizenship was rejected by the Supreme Court in 1922.

• Thind, Bhagat Singh

Indian immigrant and WWI veteran whose U.S. citizenship was stripped by the Supreme Court in 1923.

• Reed, David

Senator from Pennsylvania, leader of restrictionists for the Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924.

• Johnson, Albert

Congressman from Washington state, leader of restrictionists for the Johnson-Reed Immigration Act of 1924.

• Frank, Leo

Jewish factory owner lynched in 1915 after being falsely accused of murder.

• Lowell, Abbot Lawrence

Harvard President and vice-president of the Immigration Restriction League, campaigned to limit Jewish students.

• Grant, Madison (1865−1937)

Chair of the New York Zoological Society, leader of the IRL, author of The Passing of the Great Race, a leading eugenicist.

• Stoppard, T. L.

Published The Rising Tide of Color Against White World Supremacy.

• Yerkes, Robert M.

Psychologist who administered intelligence tests to WWI recruits, contributing to pseudoscientific racism.

• Loughlin, H. H.

Co-founder of the American Eugenics Society, drafted model sterilization legislation.

• Buck, Carrie

Eighteen-year-old woman committed to Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded, whose involuntary sterilization was upheld by the Supreme Court in Buck v. Bell.

• Buck, Emma

Carrie Buck's mother, committed to the same institution.

• Millay, Edna St. Vincent

Poet, resident of Greenwich Village, captured the bohemian ethos in "First Fig".

• Duncan, Isadora

Dancer, resident of Greenwich Village.

• O'Neill, Eugene

Playwright, resident of Greenwich Village.

• Stein, Gertrude

Novelist, hosted a literary salon in Paris, coined "Lost Generation".