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since 1880, how many immigrants had US absorbed
23 million
attitudes to immigration post-1900
less welcoming, due to a lesser need for labourers
Literacy Act
1917 - all immigrants had to take a literacy test proving they could read a short passage in English
many immigrants from poorer countries (esp. eastern europe) could not afford lessons and failed the test
Immigration Quota Act
1921 - introduced a quota system in which new immigrants were only let in as a proportion to the no. of same nationality immigrants already in US in 1910 - set at 3% per year
National Origins Act
1924 - reduced the quota to 2% of the 1890 census - this favoured the northern european immigrants who had made up a larger part of the population in 1890
Immigration Act
1929 - restricted immigration to 150,000 per year, there were to be no asians at all, Northern and Western Europeans allocated 85% of all places
by 1930…
immigration from Japan, China & Eastern Europe had essentially ceased
comparison to immigration in the earlier time period
immigration no longer necessary for economy, so a more negative attitude adopted
restrictions based on nationality similar to 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act
much faster pace of legal change over the 1920s - it was a prevalent problem
Sanco and Vanzetti
1921 legal trial
two italian labourers prosecuted for murder with little evidence
executed by electric chair
sparked demonstrations over the USA for poor legal treatment of immigrants
