Module 6 lesson 3 and 4

What is electronegativity?

The attraction of electrons to the atom's nuclei.

What does stronger electronegativity indicate about electrons?

It means more electrons which results in δ-.

What is the result of different electronegativities in covalent bonds?

The compound becomes polar.

Define polar molecules.

Molecules that have two ends with unequal sharing of electrons, making them oppositely polar.

How do polar compounds interact when close together?

They act like magnets.

What are Van Der Waals forces?

Slight electrostatic forces between polar compounds.

What affects the strength of electrostatic forces?

Size of molecule, shape of molecule, and electronegativity of molecule.

What is the strongest type of Van der Waals force?

Hydrogen bond.

What elements commonly participate in hydrogen bonds?

Hydrogen, fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen.

What is cohesion in the context of water?

Water molecules attracting to each other.

What is adhesion in the context of water?

Attraction of water molecules on other surfaces.

What is a mixture?

Two or more substances together where both retain their original properties.

What is a solvent?

The substance that another substance is dissolved in.

What is a solute?

The substance that dissolves in a solvent.

Define homogeneous mixtures.

Particles are evenly distributed throughout the mixture.

Define heterogeneous mixtures.

Uneven distribution throughout the mixture.

What are acids in terms of water?

Substances that release H+ ions when dissolved in water.

What are bases in terms of water?

Substances that release OH- ions or accept H+ ions when dissolved in water.

What is organic chemistry?

The study of carbon and organic compounds.

What are macromolecules?

Large molecules made up of smaller molecules.

Define polymers.

Molecules made from repeating smaller compounds.

What is the primary energy source for organisms?

Carbohydrates.

What do lipids do?

Store energy as a fast reserve and provide barriers in membranes.

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

(CH2O)n

How are disaccharides formed?

By combining two monosaccharides.

What are saturated fats?

Fats where carbon can no longer bond with hydrogen.

What are unsaturated fats?

Fats where carbon can still bond with hydrogen.

What are amino acids?

Building blocks of proteins, made of C, N, O, H, and sometimes S.

What is the process called when amino acids bond together?

Peptide bond formation.

What are nucleotides?

Repeating units of nucleic acids made of C, N, O, H, and phosphorus.

What distinguishes ribose from deoxyribose?

Ribose has an OH- group; deoxyribose is missing one oxygen atom.

What is the function of proteins?

Transport substances, speed up reactions, provide structural support, and control cell growth.