Module 6 lesson 3 and 4

Water and its Solutions 

  1. Atoms have the property of electronegativity 

    1. Electronegativity: attraction of the electrons to the atoms nuclei 

      1. Stronger electronegativity means more electrons which means δ- 

      2. Weaker electronegativity means less electron which means δ+

      3. In covalent bonds if atoms have different electronegativity, then the compound becomes polar. 

    2. Polar molecules: they have two ends that have unequal sharing of electrons making them oppositely polar

      1. When polar compounds become close they act like magnets. 

      2. Van Der Waals forces: slight electrostatic forces between polar compounds 

        1. The attractions influence physical characteristics through molecular attraction 

  1. Strength of electrostatic forces are affected by 

    1. Size of molecule

    2. Shape of molecule

    3. Electronegativity of molecule

  2. Hydrogen Bond: strongest type of Van der Waals force (electrostatic force) between hydrogen, fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen. 

  1. Hydrogens interact (not bonds) with the oxygen of other water holding the molecules together, giving water many important properties. 

  1. Hydrogen bonds allow for 

    1. Moderate To within living things and on earth 

    2. Cohesion: Water molecules attracting to each other 

    3. Adhesion: attraction of water molecules on other surfaces 

    4. Lower density when solid 

Mixtures with Water 

  1. Mixture: two or more substances together but both substances still have their same properties so no chemical reaction 

  1. Solvent: Substance that another substance is dissolved in 

  2. Solute: the substance that dissolves in a solvent

    1. Homogeneous: Particles are evenly distributed through the entire mixture ( also called solution) 

    2. Heterogenous: Uneven distribution throughout the mixture

  3. Acids and Bases 

    1. Solutes dissolve in water quickly because of the polarity of water 

    2. Acids: substances that release H+ when dissolved in water 

    3. Bases: Substances that release OH- or accept H+ ions when dissolved in water 

Organic chemistry

  1. Organic chemistry is the study of Carbon/Organic compounds 

  2. Macromolecules: Large molecules that are made up of smaller molecules 

  3. Polymers: Molecules made from repeating smaller compounds

    1. Lipids

    2. Proteins 

    3. Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates 

Bread

Provide structural support  (like cellulose in the cell wall) 

Main Energy source for organisms 

Lipids 

Butter

Store energy as fast reserve 

Provide barriers of membranes 

Steroids and hormones 

Proteins

Proteins

Transport Substances between and inside of cells 

Speed reactions 

Provide structural support 

Control cell growth 

Nucliec acids 

DNA

Store and Communicate genetic information 

  1. Nucleic acid

  1. Carbohydrates

    1. General Formula of (CH2O)n n is the number of CH2O in the chain 

      1. Name of monomers is Saccharides 

    2. 3<n<7 = simple sugars called Monosaccharides

      1. 2 monosaccharides make a disaccharide

    3. n>7 = carbohydrate molecules with longer chains called polysaccharides 

  2. Lipids 

    1. General formula of CH3(CH2)nCOOH (Start, middle, end)

      1. They are mainly compose of C and H 

      2. CH3(CH2)n are called fatty acids 

      3. COOH give acidic properties 

      4. Make up fats, oils, waxes, etc 

    2. Phospholipids: Phosphate + glycerol + fatty acid tails 

    3. Triglycerides 

      1. If solid at room T = fats 

      2. If liquid = oil 

    4. Steroids: cholesterol, hormones 

    5. Saturated Fats: C can no longer bond with H 

    6. Unsaturated fats: C can still bond with H 

  3. Proteins

    1. AMINO ACIDS

      1. All amino acids are made of C,N,O,,H and sometimes S

      2. They all share the same general structure 

      3. 20 different amino acids 

        1. They all have a central C which is bonded with 

          1. 1 amino group (NH2)

          2. 1 Carboxyl group (COOH which makes it an acid)

          3. 1 Hydrogen atom (H)

          4. 1 Variable side chain 

      4. Amino acids covalently bond together which is called a peptide bond, which forms chains called polypeptides

        1. COOH + NH2 → CONH + H2O

      5. They form different functional structures which are proteins

        1. Proteins: Carbon compounds made of amino acids 

  4. Nucleic acid 

    1. Nucleotides are repeating groups of C, N, O, H, and Phosphorus

      1. All have 3 units 

        1. 3 Phosphate groups (ionic compounds, there are no carbon) 

        2. 5 Carbon sugar 

          1. When it contains the OH- then its called ribose (RNA)

            1. More reactive 

          2. When you take one of the O out then it becomes deoxyribose (DNA) 

        3. Nitrogen-containing base