Medical Concepts & Physiology Lecture Review

What system is described as the "highway of cancer"?

Lymphatic system.

What does the lymphatic system overlap with?

Circulatory system.

Why is the lymphatic system called the "highway of cancer"?

Cancer cells can travel through it and spread.

What was predicted to happen to lymphoma from 2010-2030?

Lymphoma was predicted to double.

What was discussed about cancer rates from 2010-2030?

Cancer rates were discussed in relation to 2010-2030.

What healthcare workforce problem was discussed?

Clinician shortage.

What is PCP?

Primary Care Provider.

What PCP shortage was discussed?

Approximately 800,000.

What specialty deals with cancer?

Oncology.

What specialty is often associated with blood disorders?

Hematology.

What system is hematology related to?

Circulatory system.

What was said about blood cancers?

Blood cancers are on the rise.

What is included in the circulatory system?

Veins, arteries, microvessels, great vessels, and the heart.

What is the largest artery in the body?

Aorta.

What does the aorta carry?

Oxygenated blood.

Where does the aorta carry oxygenated blood from?

Left ventricle.

Where does the aorta carry blood?

Body.

Which great vessel returns blood from the upper body?

Superior vena cava.

Where does the superior vena cava return blood?

Right atrium.

What type of blood does the superior vena cava carry?

Deoxygenated blood.

Which great vessel returns blood from the lower body?

Inferior vena cava.

Where does the inferior vena cava return blood?

Right atrium.

What type of blood does the inferior vena cava carry?

Deoxygenated blood.

What is benzene?

Carcinogen.

What can long-term ___ exposure causes Bone marrow damage.

benzene

What blood cancer is associated with benzene?

Leukemia.

Where is benzene found according to lecture?

Cigarettes.

What can inhaled benzene do to the lungs?

Damage the lungs.

What cancer can benzene contribute to?

Lung cancer.

What does a psychologist focus on?

Behavior.

What else does a psychologist focus on?

Mental processes.

What degree can a psychologist have?

PhD.

What other degree can a psychologist have?

PsyD.

Can a psychologist generally prescribe medication?

No.

What testing does a psychologist provide?

Psychological testing.

What treatment does a psychologist provide?

Therapy/counseling.

Where does the lecture say psychologists usually do not work?

Hospitals.

What does a psychologist do if medication is needed?

Redirects to psychiatry.

What is a psychiatrist?

Medical doctor.

What degrees can a psychiatrist have?

MD or DO.

What does a psychiatrist treat?

Mental/behavioral disorders.

Can a psychiatrist prescribe medication?

Yes.

Is a psychiatrist mainly in therapy?

No.

Can a psychiatrist provide psychotherapy?

Yes.

What hourly cost did the lecture mention for a psychiatrist?

$500 per hour.

What were the two most common types of therapy mentioned?

CBT and DBT.

What does CBT stand for?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.

What does CBT relate to?

Thinking, memory, reasoning, and perception.

What does DBT stand for?

Dialectical Behavior Therapy.

What does dialectical therapy involve?

Balancing opposing ideas.

What disorder was DBT largely associated with?

Borderline Personality Disorder.

What is the ER doctor allowed to do when a patient arrives with a heart attack?

Treat the patient.

Who must the ER doctor call?

PCP.

What specialist should be consulted for a heart attack?

Cardiology.

Who works in hospitals according to lecture?

Hospitalists.

What happens with other doctors when needed in the hospital?

They are called on consult.

Where should a patient go for immediate treatment?

ER or Urgent Care.

What condition has a stronger impending sense of doom than MI according to lecture?

Pulmonary Embolism.

What does PE stand for?

Pulmonary Embolism.

What does MI stand for?

Myocardial Infarction.

What is an MI?

Heart attack.

What is a common MI symptom?

Chest pain/pressure.

What emotional symptom can occur with MI?

Anxiety.

What feeling can occur with MI?

Impending sense of doom.

What is diaphoresis?

Sweating.

What respiratory symptom can occur with MI?

Shortness of breath.

What GI symptoms can occur with MI?

Nausea/vomiting.

Why may women with MI be misdiagnosed with a GI problem?

They may have a different presentation.

What GI symptom may occur in women with MI?

GI discomfort.

What symptom may occur in women with MI? - mouth

Jaw pain.

What back symptom may occur in women with MI?

Back/shoulder pain.

What respiratory symptom may occur in women with MI?

Shortness of breath.

What general symptom may occur in women with MI?

Fatigue.

Can an EKG show nothing in a patient with MI?

Yes.

What can happen to heart rate during shock?

Heart rate increases.

What can happen to blood pressure during shock?

Blood pressure drops.

What is the gold-standard cardiac biomarker?

Troponin.

What does troponin detect?

Myocardial injury.

What causes troponin to be released?

Cardiac muscle damage.

What biomarker was used before troponin?

Myoglobin.

How is troponin commonly measured?

Serially.

How often does the lecture say troponin is tested?

Every 6 hours.

How many times is troponin tested according to lecture?

3 times.

What is an infarct in evolution?

Troponin has not been released yet.

What does AMA stand for?

Against Medical Advice.

What can an evolving MI patient do despite feeling fine?

Leave AMA.

What is differential diagnosis?

A list of possible conditions explaining symptoms.

What does STEMI stand for?

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

What EKG pattern is called a "fireman's hat"?

STEMI.

What does STEMI show?

ST-segment elevation.

What does STEMI usually indicate?

Acute coronary artery blockage or ischemia.

What can STEMI lead to?

Tissue necrosis.

What does NSTEMI stand for?

Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction.

What does NSTEMI lack?

ST-segment elevation.

Does NSTEMI still involve myocardial injury?

Yes.

What does the P wave represent?

Atrial depolarization.

What occurs between the P wave and QRS complex?

Atrial repolarization.

Is atrial repolarization normally visible?

No.

What does the QRS complex represent?

Ventricular depolarization.

What does the T wave represent?

Ventricular repolarization.