Unit 5 - Genetic and environmental influences

ever since i was a jit

Explain Nature Vs Nurture and their relationship

Personality is influenced by genetics and environment. Nature and nurture's balance differs for each person. More research is required to grasp their interaction.

Nature Perspective

• Suggests personality is largely determined by genetics.

• Indicates that personality is stable over time.

Nurture Perspective

• Emphasizes the impact of environmental experiences on personality.

• Suggests personality is flexible and can change over time.

Genetic Influence on Personality

• Personality arises from multiple genes working together.

• No single gene determines traits like suitability for marriage or intelligence.

• Genes can enhance or inhibit specific personality traits.

Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS)

• Used to identify genetic variants linked to personality traits.

• Investigates traits like neuroticism, extraversion, and openness.

• Results show that many genetic factors have only a small effect.

• GWAS helps in understanding the genetic basis of personality.

Gene• Environment Interaction

• The interaction between genes and the environment is complex.

• Genes can influence the likelihood of certain traits but are not deterministic.

• Personality results from intricate gene interactions and random variables.

Importance of Environmental Influences

• Environmental factors shape personality alongside genetic influences.

• Experiences include family background, education, culture, and major life events.

• Environmental influences can significantly impact values, beliefs, and behaviors.

Variability and Environmental Impact

• Variations in diet, education, and upbringing also contribute to personality.

• Environmental experiences can modify gene expression and brain function.

Study of Identical Twins

• Identical twins often share traits believed to be genetically determined.

• Despite genetic similarity, differing environments lead to varied personalities.

• Twin studies are crucial for understanding genetic and environmental influences.

Conclusion on Genetic Predisposition

• Personalities are not predetermined by genetics alone.

• Life experiences greatly influence how genes affect personality.

• DNA does not solely determine personality or life choices.

Personality Variations and Their Impact 

• Linked to work performance, relationships, health habits, and criminal activity 

• Individual traits remain stable over time despite some fluctuations 

• Studies show consistency in traits like extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness

Historical Research on Personality Stability 

• 1947 study with 281 middle• aged men used MMPI, showing moderate to great stability from middle to older age 

• Hampson and Goldberg (2006) studied 2,000 Hawaiians from childhood to adulthood, confirming stability in traits 

• Modest stability for openness, stronger for conscientiousness, highest for extraversion; low for neuroticism and agreeableness 

Definitions of Personality Stability 

 -underlying characteristics appear in various forms 

- consistency in the same appearance of traits 

• Absolute and differential stability are key research topics 

Personality Development Over a Lifetime 

• Maturity principle indicates predictable changes in personality traits 

• Traits linked to favorable outcomes increase from adolescence to adulthood 

• Cumulative continuity principle shows traits grow more consistent with age 

Factors Influencing Personality Change 

• Genetic influences persist through adolescence, affecting personality traits 

• Negative emotions may react more to environmental stressors than genetics 

• Genetic factors can contribute to vulnerability to stress 

Implications of Personality Research 

• Enhances understanding for mental health diagnosis and treatment 

• Informs educational practices and supports understanding of student needs 

• Benefits workplace HR practices, employee selection, and productivity 

• Aids in criminal justice risk assessment and policy decisions on health, crime, and education