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function of the digestive system
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination
mouth
opening where food passes into body, breaks food and mixes with saliva to make it swallowtail.
palate
separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
soft palate
posterior portion not supported by tounge
hard palate
anterior portion, supported from bone
pharynx
performs the swallowing action that passes food into the esophagus (throat)
esophagus
tube that is a passageway for food extending from the pharynx to the stomach
peristalsis- wavelike movements that propel the food through the gi tract, begins here
stomach
sac that mixes and stores food. secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones for local consumption control
fundus
proximal domed portion of the stomach
pylorus
portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum
small intestine
tube that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine. digestion takes place here, and absorption goes into the bloodstream (taking place from the villi)
doudenum
first 10-12 inches of the small intestine
jejunum
2nd portion of the small intestine (approx 8 ft)
ileum
3rd part of the small intestine, connects to the large intestine (approx 11ft)
large intestine
extends from the ileum to the anus. absorption of water and transit of the solid waste products of digestion take place here
cecum
u shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine
colon
main portion of the large intestine. divided into 4 parts: ascending transverse, descending, and sigmoid.
rectum
distal portion of the large intestine, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus
anus
sphincter muscle at the end of the gi tract. provides elimination
liver
produces bile which is necessary for the digestion of fats
gallbladder
small structure that stores bile produced by the liver
peritoneum
serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
appendix
small pouch with no known function
an/o
anus
antr/o
antrum
cec/o
cecum
col/o, colon/o
colon (large intestine)
duoden/o
duodenum
enter/o
intestine(s) (small intestine)
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
ile/o
ileum
jejun/o
jejunum
or/o, stomat/o
mouth
proct/o, rect/o
rectum
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o
abdomen, abdominal cavity
append/o, appendic/o
appendix
cheil/o
lip
cholangi/o
bile ducts
chol/e
gall, bile
choledoch/o
common bile ducts
diverticul/o
diverticulum (pl. -a) (pouch extending from a hollow organ)
gingiv/o
gums
gloss/o, lingu/o
tounge
hepat/o
liver
herni/o
hernia (protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall)
palat/o
palate
pancreat/o
pancreas
peritone/o
peritoneum
polyp/o
polyp, small growth
pylor/o
pylorus, pyloric sphincter
sial/o
saliva, salivary gland
steat/o
fat
uvul/o
uvula
hemi-
half
-pepsia
digestion
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix
cholangioma
tumor of the bile duct
cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
choledocholithiasis
condition of stones in the common bile duct
cholelithiasis
condition of gallstones
diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticulum
enteritis
inflammation of the intestines
gastritis
inflammation of the stomach
gastroenteritis
inflammation of the stomach and intestines
gingivitis
inflammation of the gums
hepatitis
inflammation of the liver
hepatoma
tumor of the liver
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
polyposis
abnormal condition of multiple polyps
rectocele
hernia of the rectum
sialolith
stone in the salivary gland
steatohepatitis
inflammation of the liver associated with excess fat
adhesion
abnormal growing together of 2 peritoneal surfaces that are normally separated
celiac disease
A chronic autoimmune disorder that damages the small intestine when gluten is consumed. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and weight loss. Treatment involves a strict gluten-free diet.
cirrhosis
Condition where liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, leading to liver dysfunction. Common causes include chronic alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, and abdominal swelling. Treatment involves managing the underlying cause, avoiding alcohol, and sometimes liver transplant.
crohn disease
Inflammatory bowel disease that affects the ileum and colon, characterized by cobblestone ulcerations formed by scar tissue
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
A medical condition in which the contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. It is caused by a weakened lower esophageal sphincter, and can be managed with lifestyle changes and medication.
hemochromatosis
Disease that causes iron overload in the body, leading to organ damage. Symptoms include fatigue, joint pain, and abdominal pain. Can be treated by regular blood removal, avoiding iron-rich foods, and taking medication to remove excess iron.
hemorrhoids
Swollen veins in the rectum or anus causing discomfort and bleeding during bowel movements.
ileus
non mechanical obstruction of the itestine
intussusception
telescoping of a segment of the intestine
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
periodic disturbances of bowel function
peptic ulcer
erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased stomach acid, infections, etc.
polyp
abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane. can occur in various parts of the body: the colon, stomach, and nasal passages. Polyps can be benign or malignant and may cause symptoms such as bleeding, pain, or obstruction.
ulcerative colitis (UC)
disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers
volvulus
a twisting of kinking of the itestine
abdominocentesis
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the abdominal cavity
appendectomy
excision of the appendix
cheiloplasty
surgical repair of the lip
cholecystectomy
excision of the gallbladder
choledocholithotomy
incision into the common bile duct to remove a stone
colostomy
creation of an artificial opening into the colon
enterorrhaphy
suturing of the intestine
esophagogastroplasty
surgical repair of the esophagus and the stomach
gastrectomy
excision of the stomach
gastrojejunostomy
creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and jejunum
gastroplasty
surgical repair of the stomach