Med Term CH 11

function of the digestive system

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

mouth

opening where food passes into body, breaks food and mixes with saliva to make it swallowtail.

palate

separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

soft palate

posterior portion not supported by tounge

hard palate

anterior portion, supported from bone

pharynx

performs the swallowing action that passes food into the esophagus (throat)

esophagus

tube that is a passageway for food extending from the pharynx to the stomach

peristalsis- wavelike movements that propel the food through the gi tract, begins here

stomach

sac that mixes and stores food. secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones for local consumption control

fundus

proximal domed portion of the stomach

pylorus

portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine

pyloric sphincter

ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

small intestine

tube that extends from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine. digestion takes place here, and absorption goes into the bloodstream (taking place from the villi)

doudenum

first 10-12 inches of the small intestine

jejunum

2nd portion of the small intestine (approx 8 ft)

ileum

3rd part of the small intestine, connects to the large intestine (approx 11ft)

large intestine

extends from the ileum to the anus. absorption of water and transit of the solid waste products of digestion take place here

cecum

u shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine

colon

main portion of the large intestine. divided into 4 parts: ascending transverse, descending, and sigmoid.

rectum

distal portion of the large intestine, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus

anus

sphincter muscle at the end of the gi tract. provides elimination

liver

produces bile which is necessary for the digestion of fats

gallbladder

small structure that stores bile produced by the liver

peritoneum

serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

appendix

small pouch with no known function

an/o

anus

antr/o

antrum

cec/o

cecum

col/o, colon/o

colon (large intestine)

duoden/o

duodenum

enter/o

intestine(s) (small intestine)

esophag/o

esophagus

gastr/o

stomach

ile/o

ileum

jejun/o

jejunum

or/o, stomat/o

mouth

proct/o, rect/o

rectum

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o

abdomen, abdominal cavity

append/o, appendic/o

appendix

cheil/o

lip

cholangi/o

bile ducts

chol/e

gall, bile

choledoch/o

common bile ducts

diverticul/o

diverticulum (pl. -a) (pouch extending from a hollow organ)

gingiv/o

gums

gloss/o, lingu/o

tounge

hepat/o

liver

herni/o

hernia (protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall)

palat/o

palate

pancreat/o

pancreas

peritone/o

peritoneum

polyp/o

polyp, small growth

pylor/o

pylorus, pyloric sphincter

sial/o

saliva, salivary gland

steat/o

fat

uvul/o

uvula

hemi-

half

\-pepsia

digestion

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

cholangioma

tumor of the bile duct

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

choledocholithiasis

condition of stones in the common bile duct

cholelithiasis

condition of gallstones

diverticulitis

inflammation of the diverticulum

enteritis

inflammation of the intestines

gastritis

inflammation of the stomach

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

gingivitis

inflammation of the gums

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

hepatoma

tumor of the liver

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

polyposis

abnormal condition of multiple polyps

rectocele

hernia of the rectum

sialolith

stone in the salivary gland

steatohepatitis

inflammation of the liver associated with excess fat

adhesion

abnormal growing together of 2 peritoneal surfaces that are normally separated

celiac disease

A chronic autoimmune disorder that damages the small intestine when gluten is consumed. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, and weight loss. Treatment involves a strict gluten-free diet.

cirrhosis

Condition where liver tissue is replaced by scar tissue, leading to liver dysfunction. Common causes include chronic alcohol abuse, viral hepatitis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Symptoms include fatigue, jaundice, and abdominal swelling. Treatment involves managing the underlying cause, avoiding alcohol, and sometimes liver transplant.

crohn disease

Inflammatory bowel disease that affects the ileum and colon, characterized by cobblestone ulcerations formed by scar tissue

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A medical condition in which the contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus, causing symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. It is caused by a weakened lower esophageal sphincter, and can be managed with lifestyle changes and medication.

hemochromatosis

Disease that causes iron overload in the body, leading to organ damage. Symptoms include fatigue, joint pain, and abdominal pain. Can be treated by regular blood removal, avoiding iron-rich foods, and taking medication to remove excess iron.

hemorrhoids

Swollen veins in the rectum or anus causing discomfort and bleeding during bowel movements.

ileus

non mechanical obstruction of the itestine

intussusception

telescoping of a segment of the intestine

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

periodic disturbances of bowel function

peptic ulcer

erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased stomach acid, infections, etc.

polyp

abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane. can occur in various parts of the body: the colon, stomach, and nasal passages. Polyps can be benign or malignant and may cause symptoms such as bleeding, pain, or obstruction.

ulcerative colitis (UC)

disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers

volvulus

a twisting of kinking of the itestine

abdominocentesis

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the abdominal cavity

appendectomy

excision of the appendix

cheiloplasty

surgical repair of the lip

cholecystectomy

excision of the gallbladder

choledocholithotomy

incision into the common bile duct to remove a stone

colostomy

creation of an artificial opening into the colon

enterorrhaphy

suturing of the intestine

esophagogastroplasty

surgical repair of the esophagus and the stomach

gastrectomy

excision of the stomach

gastrojejunostomy

creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and jejunum

gastroplasty

surgical repair of the stomach