JUST 4290 Midterm Practice Questions

The theory of POSDCORB is an acronym for?

Planning, organizing, staffing, direction, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting

_________, who first emphasized time and motion studies, is known today as the founder of scientific management.

Frederick W. Taylor

What is an early school of management theory that is concerned primarily with the efficiency and output of the individual worker?

Scientific management

_______ refers to the fact that organizations are composed of people who interact with one another and with people in other organizations.

Social entity

The tendency for organizations to promulgate written rules, policies, and procedures has been caused by three contemporary developments that include all except:

Rights to flexible hours

This major piece of legislation is the instrument by which an employee may sue an employer for civil rights violations based on the deprivation of constitutional rights.

Title 42, US Code Section 1983

Law and litigation affecting criminal justice employees can arise out of:

The US Constitution, state constitutions, statutes, and administrative regulations

In the use of testing to determine suitability for employment, the critical question for such tests is whether the test is:

Valid

In certain situations, a rationale for discriminating on the basis of a business necessity is referred to as:

Bona Fide Occupational Qualifier (BFOQ)

The US Supreme Court has set forth four elements of a due process claim under section 1983 that include all except:

a) A US citizen must be deprived, a person acting under color of state law

b) A constitutionally protected property right must exist

c) Deprived of the right without due process of law

d) all of the above

d) all of the above

According to the FLSA, overtime must also be paid to personnel for all work in excess of _________ in a 7-day cycle or 171 hours in a 28-day period.

a) 42 hours

b) 45 hours

c) 50 hours

d) 52 hours

e) none of the above

e) none of the above, it is 43 hours

The US Supreme Court's ruling in _____ served to bring local police employees under the coverage of the FLSA

Garcia v. San Antonito Transit Authority

The Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) was enacted in 1938 to establish minimum wages and to require overtime compensation:

In the private sector

Those employees who are categorized as policymaking employees typically possess a(n) _________ exception to the contemporary property interest view.

Automatic

____________ of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) makes it illegal to discriminate against persons with disabilities.

Title I

What Title of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) makes it illegal to discriminate against persons with disabilities?

Title I

The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) applies to all public agencies, including state, local, and federal employers; local schools; and private sector employers with _______ or more employees in _______ or more work weeks and who are engaged in commerce.

50, 20

True or false? The consensus model assumes that all parts of the system work toward a common goal.

True

True or false? According to Robert Katz, there are three essential skills that leaders should possess: technical, human, and conceptual.

True

True or false? A business justification for a hiring policy can never be justified when it would result in a disparate impact.

False

The provisions of the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) entitle eligible employees to take up to ___________ weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave in a _________ period.

12 weeks, 12 months

This U.S. Supreme Court used this case to hold that police agencies have a legitimate interest in establishing rules and regulations regarding dress codes.

Kelley v. Johnson

Under what title, act, or clause can Disparate treatment in pay and benefits be litigated under?

a. Title VII.

b. the Equal Pay Act.

c. the equal protection clause.

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

All of the above

Upward communication in a criminal justice organization is the easiest form of communication as there are fewer barriers than downward communication.

False

True or false? The three components of the justice system are continually competing with one another for criminal convictions.

False

The principle holding that only one person should be in command or control of a situation or employee.

The unity of command

Name one of the four types of organizations that can be identified by asking the question "Who benefits?"

mutual benefit, business concern, service organization, commonweal

Maslow believed that people's basic and primary needs or drives are physiological (survival), safety or security, social, ego (self-esteem), and this.

self-actualization

This view suggests that the various components of the justice system operate independently, but cooperate and share similar goals.

network

This view believes that police, courts, and corrections agencies have tremendous discretion and that their own perception of the offender, results in goal conflict.

system fragmentation

Communication may move in these directions due to its organizational structure.

upward, downward, and lateral

These people focus on the overall organization, its mission, and its relationship with other organizations and groups.

administrators

Any of these examples would be considered a hostile work environment, as defined in Title VII actions, which occurs when unwelcome comments or conduct based on sex, race, or other legally protected characteristics unreasonably interferes with an employee's work performance.

making offensive remarks about looks, clothing, and/or body parts, sending or telling suggestive communications of a lewd or sexual nature

Police captains and lieutenants are these...

managers

This person, considered to be the "Founder of Sociology", developed the idea of the pure bureaucracy.

Max Weber

People working in the private sector must achieve job satisfaction primarily through this type of reward.

extrinsic

This major piece of legislation is the instrument by which an employee may sue an employer for civil rights violations based on the deprivation of constitutional rights.

Title 42, U.S. Code Section 1983

This theory is use to determine the fit between the organization's characteristics, its tasks, and the motivations of individuals.

Contingency theory

This theory found that worker productivity is more closely related to social capacity than to physical capacity. Non-economic rewards play a prominent part in motivating and satisfying employees.

Hawthrone Effect

This level of government is exempted from the coverage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), in 29 U.S.C. 652.

federal, state, and local

This is an organization's commitment to resources such as funds, personnel/labor, and equipment toward accomplishing a goal or mission.

inputs

This type of approach features a combination of the human relations and scientific management approaches.

systems management approach

The theory of POSDCORB is an acronym for these actions emphasized in Police Management.

planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting

This English Philosopher maintained that people had just enough rationality to recognize their situation and to come together to form governments for self-protection.

Thomas Hobbes

Which of the following is not considered one of the main components of the criminal justice system?

a. police

b. courts

c. probation

d. corrections

c. probation

Which of the following exists among components of the process, within the individual components, among political jurisdictions, and among persons?

a. schemes

b. fragmentation

c. networks

d. none of the above

b. fragmentation

One way to effect planned change in the criminal justice field is to develop one of these...

a policy

The view that suggests that the various components of the justice system operate independently but cooperate and share similar goals holds that the justice systems in the U.S. constitute a ___________?

network

The part of the criminal justice process that the U.S. public sees the least of and knows the least about is:

a. The police

b. The courts

c. Corrections

d. Victims' rights advocates

c. corrections

The process of policymaking involves the following:

a. Developing plans that are then used by an organization or government as a basis for making decisions

b. Establishing rules, principles, or guidelines to govern actions by ordinary citizens and persons in positions of authority

c. Both A and B

d. None of the above

c. both A and B

The primary difference between the consensus and conflict theorists with respect to their view of government vis-á-vis the governed is:

a. The loss of freedom and the creation of conflict in modern societies

b. The development of private property and the unequal distribution of resources

c. Their evaluation of the legitimacy of the actions of ruling groups in contemporary societies

d. All of the above

c. Their evaluation of the legitimacy of the actions of ruling groups in contemporary societies

Much of the failure to deal effectively with crime in society may be attributed to:

a. The hesitation of crime victims to report certain types of crime

b. The system of corrections policies concerning parole

c. The fragmentation of the justice process

d. All of the above

c. The fragmentation of the justice process

As an employee, having access to a company car and an expense account, are examples of what type of rewards?

A. C-level

B. Managerial

C. Intrinsic

D. Extrinsic

D. Extrinsic

The goal of “keeping crime down” is an example of which type of change?

A. Force-field changes

B. Result-driven changes

C. Planned Changes

D. Policymaker changes

C. Planned Changes

True or false? Changes in the criminal justice field typically occur accidentally or haphazardly?

False

True or false? Because the justice process lacks sufficient program and procedural flexibility, the workers in the criminal justice system often adhere to organizational practices they know are, at times, dysfunctional.

True

The principles of the Declaration of Independence are almost a paraphrase of:

A. The Virginia Declaration of Rights

B. The Mayflower Compact

C. John Locke’s Second Treatise on Civil Government

D. None of the above

C. John Locke’s Second Treatise on Civil Government

True or false? Thomas Jefferson’s statements in the Declaration of Independence are not as widely accepted as common sense today as they were when he wrote them.

False

Which of the following is considered to be a barrier to change in criminal justice organizations?

A. Financial

B. Social

C. Physical

D. All of the above

D. All of the above

True or false? Much of the failure to deal effectively with crime may be attributed to organizational and administrative fragmentation of the justice process.

True

Those who hold that the justice system is in reality no system at all can also point to the fact that many practitioners in the field and academicians concede that:

A. the entire justice system is in crisis, even rapidly approaching a major breakdown

B. each person receives a speedy public trial before an impartial jury of their peers and is represented by competent legal counsel

C. the components of the criminal justice network cooperate and share similar goals

D. the criminal justice network operates according to a set of formal procedural rules to ensure uniform treatment of all persons, the outcome of which constitutes justice

A. the entire justice system is in crisis, even rapidly approaching a major breakdown

True or false? The terms administrator, manager, and supervisor are interchangeable concepts.

False

All of the following are steps involved in a force-field analysis, except:

A. identifying alternative strategies for changing each force

B. analyzing the forces

C. identifying driving forces

D. evaluating forces

D. evaluating forces

Features of the human relations and scientific management approaches were combined in the ______ approach.

A. Directing management

B. Procurement management

C. Planning management

D. Systems management

D. Systems management

True or false? Communication within a criminal justice organization may be only downward or upward, due to its organizational structure.

False

True or false? The theory of POSDCORB was emphasized in police management for many years where the needs of workers were adequately addressed.

False

Formal organizations have been identified by asking the question, “Who benefits?” Which of the following are considered to be formal organizations?

A. Mutual benefit associations

B. Commonweal

C. Business concerns

D. Service organizations

E. All are classified as formal organizations

E. All are classified as formal organizations

True or false? Social entity is a concept that alludes to the organization’s goals and the public served.

False

True or false? Early management studies, beginning in the 1940s, indicated that the supervisor who was “employee centered” was more effective than one who was “production centered.”

True

True or false? Four different types of formal organizations have been identified by asking the question: “Who is in charge?”

False

__________ precipitates the need for more personnel, greater division of labor, specialization, written rules, and other such elements.

A. reduction in force

B. engineering

C. growth

D. planning

C. growth

Several elements compose the communication process; which of the following is not one of them?

A. telepathy

B. reception

C. encoding

D. transmission

E. all of the above are elements of the communication process

A. telepathy

__________ developed the general theory of human motivation.

A. Peter Drucker

B. Robert Blake

C. Douglas McGregor

D. Abraham Maslow

E. None of the above

C. Douglas McGregor

True or false? A person has a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act if they have any degree of impairment that may affect a life activity, no matter how slight.

False

True or false? There are no entities in the public sector that are exempted from the coverage of the Occupational Safety and Hwalth Act (OSHA) in 29 U.S.C. 652.

False

True or false? Law and litigation affecting criminal justice employees never arises from state constitutions, only from federal statutes.

False

True or false? The critical questions surrounding the use of testing to determine employment suitability are whether it is valid, used for discriminatory purposes or has an unequal impact on protected groups.

True

Legislation known as the Peace Officers’ Bill of Rights mandates due process rights for peace officers who are the subject of internal investigations that could lead to disciplinary action. Provided that the officer has complied with the investigation, the following must be afforded to the accused officer.

A. written notice of the nature of the investigation

B. the officer may have an attorney or a representative of their choice

C. a mandatory polygraph paid for by the employing department

D. none of the above

e. both A and B

e. both A and B

True or false? The Pregnancy Discrimination Act only requires that an employer not treat pregnancy differently from any other temporary medical condition.

True

Disparate treatment in pay and benefits can be litigated under:

A. Title VII

B. The Equal Pay Act

C. the equal protection clause

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

D. all of the above

True or false? To be eligible for Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) benefits, an employee must work for a covered employer.

True

True or false? Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and its amendments (42 U.S.C. 2000e) establishes a federal policy requiring fair employment practices in the private sector only.

False

Which of the following entities is exempted from the coverage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), in 29 U.S.C. 652?

A. Federal governments

B. State governments

C. Local governments

D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Generally, police administrators have the constitutional authority to regulate employees’ off-duty associational activities except when:

A. a general consensus of dislike of the officer by other officers

B. sexual conduct that involves a supervisory/subordinate relationship

C. involvement with associations that adversely impact employees’ ability to do their jobs

D. associations that impair the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization

A. a general consensus of dislike of the officer by other officers

True or false? All forms of harassment covered by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and other federal laws are not considered a form of discrimination and are not actionable as such.

False