Biology 30 - Complete

Genetic drift

-Random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations

-A change in the gene pool of a small population, brought about by chance.

Gene pool

-All the genes, including all the different alleles for each gene, that are present in a population at any one time.

-All of the genes that occur within a specific population.

Gradualism

-The theory that evolution occurs slowly but steadily.

-A model in evolutionary biology that sees evolution proceeding more or less steadily thoughout time.

Punctuated equilibrium

-The theory that species evolve during short periods of rapid change.

-A model that views evolution as being concentrated in short periods of time followed by long

Variation

-Any difference between individuals of the same species.

-Differences in genetic makeup of organisms.

Adaptation

-A trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce.

-An inherited trait or set of traits that improve the chances of survival and reproduction of organisms.

Speciation

-Formation of new species.

Pangaea

-The name of the single landmass that broke apart 225 million years ago and gave rise to today's continents.

-A large supercontinent that existed appoximately 225 mya.

Population

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

Polyploidy

A condition in which an organism possesses more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes (ex) 3n or 4n

Geographic Isolation

-Form of reproductive isolation in which one population is separated into two populations because they are separated physically by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or stretches of water.

Reproductive Isolation

-Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

-The loss of the ability to interbreed by two isolated groups/populations.

Migration

The movement of organisms between two distict geographic areas.

Adaptive radiation

-An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species.

-The process by which a species evolves into a number of different species, each occupying a new environment.

Co-evolution

-Process by which two species evolve in response to changes in each other.

-When two or more species evolve in response to each other through cooperative or competitive adaptations.

convergent evolution

-Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments.

-The development of similar forms from unrelated species due to adaptation to similar environments.

industrial melanism

-Darkening of populations of organisms over time in response to industrial pollution.

-The development of dark coloured organisms in a population exposed to pollution.

vestigial structures

-A structure that is present in an organism but no longer serves its original purpose.

-No longer serving a purpose in modern day organisms.

homologous structures

-Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

-Having similar origins but different uses in different species. The front flipper of a dolphin and the forelimb of a dog.

analagous structures

-Similar function but different structure - does not show common ancestry - Ex: butterfly wing and bat wing)

-Similar in function and appearnace but not in origin. The wing of an insect and the wing of a bat.

Plasma (cell) membrane

- A selectively permeable surface that encloses the cell contents and through which all materials entering or leaving a cell must pass.

- The gatekeeper of the cell.

- Phospholipid bilayer, fluid mosaic model.

- Controls what enters and leaves the cell - selectively permeable.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

-The region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies chemicals like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants, and stores calcium ions.

-Free of ribosomes; the area where fats and lipids are synthesized.

Lysosomes

-An organelle containing digestive enzymes.

Chromoplast

-A colored plastid, typically containing a yellow or orange pigment.

-Gives color to fruit and flowers.

Mitochondria

- An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.

- The powerhouse of the cell.

- The site of cellular respiration.

-Enclosed by a double membrane.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

-The region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein synthesis.

-Ribosomes attached to the surface; site of protein production.

Ribosomes

-Site of protein synthesis

-rRNA; Involved in the process of putting amino acids together to form proteins; can be found attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum or floating free in the cytoplasm.

Leucoplasts (Amyloplasts)

Type of plastid, stores starch

Cytoplasm

-The watery gel inside a cell that holds various parts.

-Contains the organelles and has a grainy appearance.

Golgi apparatus

- A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell.

- Made up of a series of membranes, involved in secretion and packages materials for storage and delivery.

Centriole pairs

-Barrel-shaped organelles composed of tubulin; anchors the spindles, functions cell division.

-Made up of microtubules and take part in cell division.

Vacuole

-Cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

-Serve as reservoirs for a variety of substances.

-Large central vacoules are found in plant cells; small vacuoles that may appear and disappear depending on conditions are found in animal cells.

Chloroplast

-Organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy.

-Type of plastid that is responsible for photosynthesis. Captures energy of the sun.

-Enclosed by a double membrane.

Nucleus

-Control center of the cell.

-Found in eukaryotic cells. The control center of the cell involved in cell reproduction and growth.

Cell wall

-A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.

-In plants made of cellulose

-In fungi made of chitin

Leaf cross section diagram

Be prepared to label all of these parts.

Lamark's theory of evolution

-Principle of acquired characteristics - If an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring.

- Principle of use and disuse

Principle of Acquired Characteristics

Concept, popularized by Lamarck, that traits gained during a lifetime can then be passed on to the next generation by genetic means; considered invalid today.

Principle of Use and Disuse

Concept popularized by Lamarck that proposes that parts of the body that are used are often strengthened and improved, whereas parts of the body that are not used become weak and ultimately may disappear. Considered invalid today.

Charles Darwin Theory of Evolution

1. The Origin of species- Darwin was a British biologist. His book On The Origin of Species, challenged the idea of special creation by proposing the revolutionary theory of biological evolution

2. Key points- Informed by Thomas Malthus's Essay on Population, Darwin concluded that every living plant and animal takes part in a constant "struggle for existence." Only the "fittest" Species survive this struggle. The fittest are determined by a process of natural selection in which new species emerge after gradually accumulating new modifications.

Survival of the Fittest (Natural Selection)

Charles Darwin - process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully.

Struggle for existence

Charles Darwin - competition among members of a species for food, living space, and the other necessities of life

Natural Selection

Charles Darwin - A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Overproduction

Charles Darwin - organisms produce more offspring than can survive. This leads to competition for resources.

Competition

Charles Darwin - the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources. There is competition for water, nutrients, space, etc.

Mitosis

- asexual cell division

- 2 diploid daughter cells are produced that are identical to the parent cell.

-Occurs in body (somatic cells)

-No genetic variation produced

-Only 1 division

Stages of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Meiosis

Sexual cell division

Produces gametes (sex cells)

2 division - Meiosis I and Meiosis II

Produces 4 haploid cells that are genetically uniquie.

Mitosis versus Meiosis

Mitosis 2 identical cells, no mixing of chromosomes, diploid cells

Meiosis 4 different cells, mixing of chromosomes, haploid cells

ABO blood typing system alleles

IA = IB

i

Fungi

Kingdom of organisms, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients, multicellular, ingestive heterotrophs

Animalia

kingdom of multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells do not have cell walls; movement at some time in their life cycle

Plantae

Kingdom of multicellular photosynthetic autotrophs that have cell walls containing cellulose; eukaryotic multicellular autotrophs

Bacteria lack....

membrane bound organelles; they are prokaryotic cells

What organisms have cell walls?

plants, fungi, some bacteria, some protists

What organisms are autotrophs?

plants, some bacteria, some protists

Veins in plants are called vascular tissue and contain...

xylem and phloem

Phloem

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plant

Xylem

vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant

Biology

The study of life and living organisms.

Charles Darwin sailed on what ship?

HMS Beagle

What islands did Darwin study?

Galapagos Islands

Taxonomic Levels of Organization

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Lichen

symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic algae

Homeostasis

Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment; balance

Extremophile

Archaeabacteria that live in extreme environments.

Dichotomous key

A key for the identification of organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters

What 2 kingdoms of life have multicellular organisms exclusilvely?

Plantae and Animalia

Name the 6 kingdoms of life

Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

binomial nomenclature

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

Rules for binomial nomenclature

1st: Genus name; capitalized

2nd; species name; lower case

Underline or type in italics

Latin

What kingdoms are prokaryotic?

Eubacteria and Archaebacteria

What kingdoms are eukaryotic?

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Who came up with binomial nomenclature?

Carolus Linnaeus

Taxonomy

Branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on their characteristics

Science of classification

Alternation of generations

The alternation between the haploid gametophyte and the diploid sporophyte in a plant's life cycle

Haploid

n

Diploid

2n

What kingdon does E. Coli belong to?

Escherichia coli; Kingdom Eubacteria

Name the 3 domains of life

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Name the kingdon in Domain Bacteria

Kingdom Eubacteria

Name the kingdom in Doman Archaea

Kingdom Archaebacteria

Name the 4 kingdoms of Domain Eukarya

Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

What Kingdom does an amoeba belong to?

Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Protista

Characteristics of Kingdom Protista

- All eukaryotes

-Generally unicellular, some multicellular

-All live in moist or aquatic environments

-Classified by their mode of nutrition

-Kingdoms Plantae, Fungi and Animalia each evolved from a type of protist

-The catch all kingdom

Name the 9 animal phyla we discussed in class

Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata

Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Porifera

sponges

sessile

filter feeders

no true tissues

osculum

Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Cnidaria

jellyfish, sea anemones, corals

2 body forms - medusa and polyp

marine

Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Platyhelminthes

-flatworms, flukes, tapeworms, planaria

-The majority of them are white, colorless and some derive color from ingested food while free-living forms are grey, brown-black or brilliantly colored.

-Their anterior end of the body is differentiated into the head = cephalization

KIngdom Animalia, Phylum Nematoda

-Roundworms, pinworm, asccaris

-They are widely distributed, aquatic or terrestrial, parasitic or free-living.

-Their body is elongated, cylindrical, unsegmented, worm-like, bilaterally symmetrical and tapering at both ends.

-The digestive system is complete with a distinct mouth and anus.

Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Annelida

earthworms, leech, segmented worms.

-have closed circulatory system

-reproduce sexually and asexually

-have bodies made up of many linked sections called segments

-have complete digestive system (mouth and anus)

Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Mollusca

- 3 Classes:

~ Class Bivalvia (clams, oysters)

~ ClassGastropoda (snails, slugs)

~ Class Cephalopoda (octopus, squid)

- Have a foot, visceral mass, mantle

- Soft body, hard shell

Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Arthropoda

spiders, insects, crabs, lobster, centipedes, millipedes

-bilateral symmetry

-sexual reproduction

-have exoskeleton made of chitin

-can molt

-segemented body - head, thorax, abdomen

-jointed appendages

Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Echinodermata

-radial symmetry

-marine

-tube feet with suchess

-jaw like ring

-regeneration

-advanced embryos

ex) sea urchins, starfish, sea cucumbers

Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata

fish, dogs, reptiles, amphibians, birds, mammals

-vertebrates and invertebrates

-bilateral symmetry

-closed circulatory system

-have segmented bodies

Passive transport

-Requires NO energy (ATP)

-Movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reached

-Moves with the concentration gradient or down the concentration gradient

-Types of passive transport include diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Active Transport

-Energy-requiring process

-moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient (low - high)

-types of active transport include exocytosis, endocytosis, and movement with a protein carrier molecule.

endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane. Requires energy. Two types - pinocytosis and phagocytosis

exocytosis

Release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane. Requires energy.