Chapter 9

Who were the first American visitors to the Mandan villages?

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

Where were the Mandan villages located?

Along the upper Missouri River, in what is now North Dakota.

What was the main economic activity of the Mandan people?

Hunting buffalo and farming. They also served as a central marketplace for northern plains tribes.

What was the purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition?

To survey the Louisiana Purchase, find an overland route to the Pacific Ocean, and establish American control over the fur trade.

What role did Sacajawea play in the expedition?

She served as an interpreter and guide, signaling friendly intentions to other Native American groups.

What was a major consequence of increased American presence in the region?

The introduction of disease, which decimated the Mandan population.

What was Jefferson's vision for American expansion?

An expanding republic of self-sufficient farmers. However, this expansion had negative consequences for Native American communities.

What was the United States like in 1800?

A loosely connected group of states, mostly rural, with limited interaction beyond the Atlantic coast.

How did the US population change between 1790 and 1800?

It grew from 3.9 million to 5.3 million, largely due to westward migration.

What was the significance of the Atlantic ports?

They dominated the nation economically and politically, despite only 3% of the population living in cities.

What was Britain's role in North America in 1800?

Britain maintained a strong presence in British North America, particularly in Quebec, and controlled the fur trade.

What was the Russian presence in North America?

Russia controlled Alaska, extending its Siberian fur trade and sometimes using force against native populations.

What happened in Sitka?

The Russian-American Company established a headquarters there, but it was destroyed in the Tlingit Revolt of 1802 and later retaken.

What was Spain's greatest threat to the US?

Possession of most of North and South America; Mexico City's large population.

What tensions existed in Spanish America?

Criollos (native-born Spaniards) chafed at subordination to peninsulares (Spanish-born officials).

What was Spain's efforts in Alta California?

Established a chain of 21 missions to protect its rich colony; brisk but illegal trade with the US.

What was New Orleans' importance?

Thriving international port; crucial location at the mouth of the Mississippi River.

What racial challenge was there in the Caribbean?

Sugar plantations used enslaved Africans; revolt in Saint-Domingue led to Haiti's independence.

What characterized Trans-Appalachian growth?

Rapid population increase; fertile land along the Ohio River; states like Kentucky and Tennessee joined the Union.

How did Cincinnati develop?

Began as a military fort; grew rapidly after the Battle of Fallen Timbers ended Indian resistance.

What was a major industry in New England in 1802?

Shipbuilding.

Which city's population tripled between 1800 and 1810?

Cincinnati.

What river system did Cincinnati merchants use to ship goods?

Ohio-Mississippi River system.

What were some challenges of river transport?

Snags, sandbars, slow upriver travel.

What was a key concern for western farmers and merchants?

Control of New Orleans.

What was the United States' position in international trade in 1800?

Weak; producer of raw materials.

What challenge did the US face in 1800 regarding international trade?

Fluctuating world commodity prices.

Describe the US in 1800 in terms of rural vs. urban population.

Predominantly rural; 94 of 100 Americans lived in communities under 2500 people.

What was the primary purpose of crop production in 1800?

Subsistence (home use).

What were some easily transportable commodities in early America?

Whiskey and hogs.

What percentage of American farm produce was consumed locally in 1820?

20%.

What fueled the demand for cotton in the South?

The boom in textile production in England and Europe.

What invention revolutionized cotton production?

The cotton gin (1793).

What was the impact of increasing foreign demand for American goods in 1790?

It was hindered by British and French trade restrictions and taxes.

How did the French Revolution impact American commerce?

It created opportunities for American neutral shipping, carrying European goods.

What was the effect of the international shipping trade on the US?

It led to rapid urbanization and economic growth in coastal cities.

How did Jefferson's inauguration mark a significant moment in American history?

It represented a peaceful transition of power from Federalists to Republicans.

What was Jefferson's approach to governance?

He rejected the elaborate, autocratic style of previous presidents.

What was the significance of Jefferson's presidency?

It demonstrated that a party system could shape national policy without leading to dictatorship or revolt.

What was Jefferson's Agrarianism?

Jefferson's vision of a nation of small, independent farms, promoting community and self-governance.

What was Malthus's Influence?

Malthus's prediction of population explosion influenced Jefferson's belief that America's vast land resources offered opportunity.

What were Expansionism's Drawbacks?

While promoting Jefferson's vision, expansionism led to environmental damage, slavery's expansion, and displacement of Indigenous peoples.

What was Jefferson's Government?

Jefferson aimed to reverse Federalist policies, reducing government size and debt to empower the individual citizen.

What was the 'Republic of Virtue'?

Jefferson's ideal of a society based on simplicity, frugality, and self-governing citizens.

What was one reason for Jefferson's success as president?

The federal government was small and unimportant by today's standards.

What was the main service the national government provided to ordinary people?

Mail delivery.

How did Jefferson handle Federalist officeholders?

He was moderate, allowing 132 to remain in their posts while appointing Jeffersonian Republicans to 158 other posts.

What actions did the Federalist-dominated Congress take in the last days of Adams' administration?

They passed acts creating new judgeships and positions within the federal judiciary.

Who were the 'midnight judges'?

Federalists appointed by Adams to new positions in the judiciary.

What legal case resulted from Adams' appointments?

William Marbury and three others sued James Madison to receive their commissions.

What was Marbury v. Madison?

Landmark Supreme Court case establishing judicial independence.

What was the Louisiana Purchase?

1803 acquisition of Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the size of the US.

What was Jefferson's Dilemma regarding the Louisiana Purchase?

Constitution didn't authorize land purchases; Jefferson's internal conflict.

What was Napoleon's Motivation for selling the Louisiana Territory?

Needed money for European wars; Haiti campaign failure.

What was the Impact of the Louisiana Purchase?

Largest peaceful territorial acquisition in US history; expansionist implications.

What is Judicial Review?

Power of the judiciary to review laws and declare them unconstitutional.

What was Jefferson's argument for the Louisiana Purchase?

He argued it was vital to the nation's republican future, providing new sources of renovation and expanding the 'empire of liberty'.

What was the impact of the Louisiana Purchase on African Americans and Native Americans?

It increased the scope of their enslavement and destruction.

By 1850, how many states from the Louisiana Purchase had joined the Union as slave states?

Four out of six.

What was Jefferson's vision for Indian Territory?

A distant refuge for beleaguered eastern Indian peoples.

Did African Americans and Native Americans share in Jefferson's 'empire of liberty'?

No.

What was the Louisiana Purchase immediate issue?

How to treat French and Spanish inhabitants; racially and ethnically diverse population.

What was Louisiana's population in 1803?

43,000; mostly French-speaking; included Germans, Spanish, Irish, Americans, and Creoles. Two-thirds of non-white population were slaves.

What was Louisiana's legal code based on?

Based on French civil law, not English common law. This impacted free people of color and Caddo Indians negatively.

What was Spain's reaction to the Louisiana Purchase?

Objected; attempted to isolate Mexico from other nations; shared a disputed border with American Louisiana.

What were the Mexican Independence struggles?

Napoleon's actions in Spain caused turmoil. Populist revolts led by Hidalgo and Morelos were suppressed.

What happened to Texas in 1812?

Invaded by a force led by Gutiérrez (mostly Americans). Declared independent, but later defeated by royalist army.

What were the Problems with Neutral Rights?

Jefferson's policy of friendship with all nations, engaging alliances with none, was difficult to pursue after 1805.

What was The Embargo Act?

Jefferson's attempt to force Britain and France to recognize neutral rights by cutting off all American trade; it was a disaster.

What did Madison acknowledge regarding the Embargo Act?

He acknowledged the failure of the Embargo Act.

What was a major conflict between the United States and Native American tribes in the West?

Westward expansion by white settlers conflicted with Native American land rights.

What was the Indian Intercourse Act of 1790?

It stated that the US could only acquire Indian land through treaties.

What was Jefferson's plan for Native Americans?

He wanted them to adopt a yeoman-farmer lifestyle but this was largely unsuccessful.

What options did Native Americans have facing westward expansion?

Acculturation, removal, or extinction.

Who was William Henry Harrison?

Governor of Indiana Territory who signed many treaties with Native American tribes.

How did the Shawnees respond to westward expansion?

Divided; some acculturated, some moved west, and some resisted.

Who was Tecumseh?

A Shawnee warrior who led a pan-Indian military resistance movement against westward expansion.

What was Tenskwatawa's message?

A rejection of American influence and a promise of land reclamation.

What event shifted Tecumseh's strategy to active resistance?

The Treaty of Fort Wayne (1809).

What was Tecumseh's argument against land cession?

The land belonged to all Native American peoples, not just one tribe; it was common property.

Was Tecumseh completely successful in uniting tribes?

No, he faced mixed success; some tribes refused to join.

What happened at Tippecanoe in November 1811?

Harrison attacked Tippecanoe, resulting in significant casualties on both sides.

What was the ultimate outcome of Tecumseh's movement?

Tecumseh's death and the British abandonment of their Shawnee allies ended organized Indian resistance.

What was a major cause of the War of 1812?

Indian resistance in the trans-Appalachian region.

Who were the War Hawks?

A young generation of political leaders who resented British influence.

What were two grievances cited by President Madison for declaring war on Britain?

British support of Western Indians and neutral shipping rights disputes.

When did the War of 1812 begin?

June 1, 1812.

Where was Indian resistance concentrated?

The trans-Appalachian South and West.

What were the War Hawks' goals?

Assert independence from England and invade Canada.

Was the US prepared for war?

No, due to Jefferson's economizing, the American army was small and weak.

What was a significant British action during the War of 1812?

Burning Washington D.C. in 1814.

Name a successful American naval battle.

The USS Constitution ('Old Ironsides') defeated the Guerrière and Java.

What was the American goal of expansion?

A quick victory over British Canada to destroy support for Tecumseh.

Was the American goal successful?

No, the British-Indian alliance defeated the Americans.

What characterized War of 1812 - Northern Front?

American attempts to invade Canada failed.

What characterized War of 1812 - Southern Front?

Creek Indian resistance; Battle of Horseshoe Bend.

What happened at the Battle of New Orleans?

Occurred after peace treaty; Andrew Jackson became a national hero.

What was British Naval Power in War of 1812?

Blockade was effective, allowing invasion.

What happened at Lake Erie?

American control led to recapture of Detroit.

What event is depicted in the 1812 American cartoon?

A British officer paying for a Native American scalp while scalping a dead American soldier.