AP_Euro_U2_AMSCO

Contextualizing Challenges and Developments

Understanding the context of 16th- and 17th-century religious, political, and cultural changes.

Catholic Church Discontent

The Catholic Church faced challenges to its doctrine, hierarchy, and politics even before the Middle Ages.

Heresies

Sects considered heresies that the Catholic Church sought to stamp out.

Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism

The major division of Christianity that occurred in the 11th century.

John Wycliffe

An English cleric who challenged Catholic doctrines and translated the Bible into English.

Jan Hus

A reformer influenced by Wycliffe, who was burned at the stake for opposing Church beliefs.

Protestant Reformation

A religious revolution in the 16th century that led to the questioning of Catholic practices.

Religious Pluralism

The emergence of differing and competing sects of Christianity after the Reformation.

Catholic Reformation

The response by the Catholic Church that rejuvenated Catholicism but did not reconcile with Protestants.

Secular Institutions

Nonreligious systems that many reformers confronted during the Reformation.

Lutheran Doctrines

Key beliefs established by Martin Luther, including the primacy of scripture and justification by faith.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's document that criticized the sale of indulgences and other Church practices.

Diet of Worms

The assembly where Luther refused to recant his writings, leading to his excommunication.

Sola Scriptura

The belief that scripture alone is the source of authority for Christians, emphasized by Luther.

Sola Fide

The doctrine that faith alone brings salvation, a key tenet of Luther's teachings.

Consubstantiation

Luther's belief that bread and wine coexist with the body and blood of Christ in communion.

Calvinism

A branch of Protestantism promoted by John Calvin, emphasizing predestination and moral rigor.

Predestination

The belief that God has already determined who will be saved, a key tenet of Calvinist theology.

Elect

Those chosen by God for salvation, according to Calvinist belief.

German Peasants' War

A revolt inspired by Luther's teachings that ultimately failed in its quest for social reform.

Anabaptists

Radical reformers advocating for adult baptism and separation from state influence.

Catholic Inquisition

A Church tribunal established to root out heresy and enforce Catholic doctrine.

Council of Trent

A key council during the Catholic Reformation that reaffirmed traditional Catholic doctrines.

Jesuits

A Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola that emphasized education and missionary work.

Ursulines

An order focused on the Christian education of girls, part of the Catholic Reformation.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation aimed at reforming itself and eliminating abuses.

Edict of Nantes

The 1598 declaration that granted Huguenots some religious freedoms in France.

Peace of Augsburg

The 1555 treaty allowing princes in the Holy Roman Empire to choose their state religion.

Thirty Years' War

A series of conflicts in Europe primarily driven by religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants.

Peace of Westphalia

The 1648 treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War and recognized the sovereignty of states.

Primogeniture

The inheritance system where the eldest son receives the majority of the family estate.

Marketplace of Ideas

A term describing the thriving exchange of concepts and beliefs, especially in the context of the Reformation.

Religious Pluralism

The acceptance of multiple religious paths and beliefs, a challenge to previously unified Christian authority.

Gentry

The wealthy but untitled class in England, influential in politics and local governance.

Secular State Control

The transfer of authority from religious institutions to secular governments in post-Reformation Europe.

Folk Ideas

Traditional beliefs and customs that persisted in society despite changes brought by the Reformation.

Women’s Roles in Society

Women's status in the 16th century, often defined by patriarchal norms and limited independence.

Reformation’s Impact on Gender

The shifting attitudes toward women’s education and their roles in both the family and society post-Reformation.

Blood Sports

Popular entertainment in the early modern period involving violent contests, reflecting societal tastes.

Carnival

A festival period preceding Lent, characterized by feasting and celebration, significant in communal life.

Individual and communal expressions of identity and belief facilitated by social customs in early modern Europe.

Childbearing Norms

The practical and cultural factors influencing marriage and family size in 16th-century Europe.

Initial Societal Tensions

The adjustments communities faced due to economic growth and changes to traditional norms during the Reformation.

Education Disparities

The evolving attitudes about women’s education, primarily for the purpose of raising educated children.

Radical Reform Movements

Groups that emerged challenging both Catholic and mainstream Protestant beliefs.

Religious Intolerance

The hostility Christians faced for diverging from the established Church norms during and after the Reformation.

Social Control Mechanisms

Ways communities enforced norms and order, often through public punishments or public shaming.

Witch Hunts

Increased accusations in the early modern period as social and economic upheavals transformed community dynamics.

Economic Changes in Society

The shift from agrarian economies to emerging commercial and capitalist systems during the Reformation.

Artistic Expression in the Reformation

How artistic styles evolved in response to the religious upheavals and ideological changes of the period.

Innovations in Printing

The role of the printing press in disseminating Reformation ideas and altering literacy practices.

Resistance to Secular Rulings

Protestants rejecting attempts by state rulers to control church practices, illustrating the tension between church and state.

Patriarchal Norms

The societal structures that confined women’s roles and autonomy within 16th-century family and religious contexts.

Cultural Residuals

Ways in which older customs and beliefs persisted amidst the changes of the Reformation.

Commercial Capitalism Emergence

The gradual shift from feudal economies to market-driven economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Economic Opportunities for Women

Limited avenues for women to engage in the economy, often tied to family businesses or gendered labor.