A&P Exam 1: Intro, Chem, Cell, Active + Passive Transport, Epithelium + Tissue

What is anatomy?

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

What is physiology

Study of normal functioning of living organisms

Pathophysiology

The study of abnormal

functioning

Levels of organization

Biomolecules, organelles & cells, tissues (collections of cells), organs (collections of tissues), organ system (collections of organs), organ systems (collections of organs)

Integration across body systems

Integumentary, Musculoskeletal, Nervous, Cardiovascular, Immune, Respiratory, Renal, Endocrine, Digestive, Reproductive

Cell Theory of Life

1. All living things are made of cells

2. Cells come from cells, not spontaneous

Homeostasis

Homeostasis is a condition of

equilibrium, or balance, in the

body's internal environment

Homostatic mechanism

nervous system (nerve impulses), endocrine system (hormones)

negative feedback (homostatic)

This mechanism causes the variable to change in a direction OPPOSITE to that of the initial change, returning its to its "ideal"

value, (THINK body temp increases->cooling mechanism is sweating -> body temp decreases)

positive feedback

Response enhances or exaggerates original

stimulus and are designed to push levels out of normal ranges (THINK contractions of the uterine smooth muscle

during childbirth)

Cephalic

head

Cervical

neck

Thoracic

chest

Superior

Higher on the body, nearer to the head (ex: the head is superior to the abdomen.)

Inferior

away from the head or toward the lower part of the body (ex: the navel (belly button) is inferior to the chin)

Ventral (anterior)

toward or at the front of the body; in front of (ex: the breastbone is anterior to the spine)

Dorsal (posterior)

Toward or at the back of the body; behind (ex: the heart is posterior to the breastbone)

Medial

toward the midline of the body; on the inner side of (the heart is medial to the arm)

Lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of (the arms are lateral to the chest)

intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure (the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder)

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (the elbow is proximal to the wrist)

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (the knee is distal to the thigh)

Superficial (external)

toward or at the body surface (the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles)

Deep (internal)

Away from the body surface; more internal (the lungs are deep to the skin)

Body Planes and Sections

The body and its organs may be cut along planes or imaginary lines to produce different types of sections or planes

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts

transverse plane

divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral cavity

contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of the spinal nerves

thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities

abdominal cavity

Contains stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver, and other organs

pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

Percardium

heart

Pleurae

lungs

peritoneum

abdominopelvic cavity

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestine

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

contains parts of the small and large intestines, right ovary, right fallopian tube, appendix, right ureter

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

chemical

the components of cells; includes nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates

cellular

the smallest unit of life; function depends on cellular organelles and internal structures.

Tissue

organized groups of cells (e.g., muscle cells form muscle tissue)

Histology

study of tissues

Epithelial

lines surfaces and forms a barrier (e.g., lining of digestive tract, skin)

Connective

most diverse; cells contained within an extracellular matrix of fibers and ground

substance. Includes bone, cartilage, adipose, blood, proper connective tissue

muscle

unique due to cells capable of contracting forcibly. Cause movement, change shape of

organs. Examples: biceps muscle, heart, muscle in intestines.

neutral

functions in communication (carrying messages, often over long distances) using

electrical signals.

Organ

comprised of more than one type of tissue to form a distinct structure. Ex - an artery is made of epithelium, smooth muscle, and connective tissue.

organ system

comprised of multiple component tissues and organs to provide a distinct set of

functions for the body.

integumentary system

Protection from environmental hazards; temperature control. (THINK skin, hair, nails, & glands)

skeletal system

gives our bodies structure and protects major organs like the heart, lungs, and brain. Provides support, protects soft tissues, stores minerals and produces blood

Muscular System

produces movement, support, produces heat

nervous system

Coordination of other systems (usually immediate), memory

(THINK: brain, spinal cord, nerves)

endocrine system

Consists of glands that control many of the body's activities by producing hormones. long-distance communication to regulate long-term changes in body function.

Often works closely with nervous system (Neuroendocrine system)

cardiovascular system

Movement of cells and dissolved materials (cells, nutrients, waste, signals,

gases). Consists of the heart and blood vessels.

lymphoid system

Provides defense against infection; returns fluids to cardiovascular system

respiratory system

Delivery of oxygen/removal of carbon dioxide; modulation of blood and tissue

pH; produces sound

digestive system

body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients/water/vitamins

urinary system

eliminates waste, regulates body fluid composition, controls pH (kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra)

reproductive system

production of sex cells and hormones; supports embryonic development

from fertilization to birth (female)

Matter

Anything that has mass and occupies space

elements in the human body

- Major Elements - 96.1%

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

- Lesser Elements - 3.9%

Calcium, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Iron, Iodine

Atomic Structure

The atom consists of three component parts: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons.

Difference between molecules and compounds

All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds. The main difference comes down to the types of atoms involved: a molecule can be made of the same element or different elements, while a compound must contain two or more different elements.

Ionic Bonds

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Covalent Bonds

Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms.

Nonpolar covalent bonds

equal sharing of electrons. (ex: CO2)

Polar Covalent Bonds

unequal sharing of electrons (ex: H2O)

What is a Hydrogen Bond

Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule (not a true bond)

kinetic energy

energy of motion (action) (ex: THINK: walking, running, throwing a ball)

potential energy

stored (inactive) energy (THINK: child on top of a slide, roller coaster at its highest point.)

Exergonic

releases energy by breaking bonds. (Catabolic reactions)

Endergonic

absorbs energy by building energy

What are the 3 types of Monosaccharides

glucose(most abundant sugars ; Absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion), fructose(fruit sugar; Absorbed directly into the bloodstream), galactose (found in dairy; Absorbed directly into the bloodstream during

digestion)

Lipids (fats)

phospholipids (form the main barrier of cell membranes.), cholesterol (a waxy, fat-like substance that your body needs to build cells, make hormones, and digest food), steroids (important part of hormones)

Amino Acids

building blocks of proteins, 9 essential amino acids, 11 non essential amino acids

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Cell Theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic & smallest units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

Hierarchy of Organization

atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

lipids (phospholipids: make up the membrane. They control what enters and what leaves the cell.), proteins (help transport substances and send signals), carbohydrates (help cells recognize and communicate with each other)

essential functions of the cell membrane

protection (LIPIDS- protects the inside of the cell), transport (PROTEINS-controls what enters and what leaves the cell), communication (CARBOHYDRATES-receives signals and communicate with other cells), homeostasis (keeps the cells internal environment stable)

integral proteins vs peripheral proteins

Integral proteins are tightly attached to the membrane; help move substances across. and peripheral proteins are loosely attached to the membrane; help with support and communication

Cellular Extensions

Cilia(fixed, tiny hairs that move substances across the cell surface), Flagella(mobile; long, tail like structures that help the cell move. EX: sperm) and Microvilli (tiny finger like extensions that increase surface area to absorb and secrete nutrients. ex: in the digestive system especially small intestine)

DNA vs RNA

DNA: stores genetic info, deoxyribose sugar, uses T thymine, double strand

RNA: helps make proteins, ribose sugar, uses U uracil, single strand

Karyotype

A display of all the 46 chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

Nucleus

stores DNA ; Control center of the cell

Ribosomes

Makes proteins (protein synthesis)

APE sites

A- (ACCEPTS) enters, P- (Peptidyl) bonded together, E- EXITS

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell. Produces ATP (energy). Neutralize dangerous free radicals. Detoxify harmful or toxic substances.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Transports substances, stores newly synthesized molecules,

synthesizes and packages molecules, detoxifies chemicals, and

releases calcium ions involved in muscle contraction (Rough ER) (Smooth ER)

Golgi apparatus

modifies, concentrates (sorts), and packages proteins and lipids

Lysosomes

Break down waste and old cell parts. Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins. Degrade nonfunctional organelles. Destroy cells in injured or non-useful tissue

(autolysis)

gene expression

Replication (copying DNA), Transcription (DNA into mRNA), Translation (RNA -> Protein; makes proteins)

Diffusion (high to low)

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (no energy)

ICF (intracellular fluid) vs ECF (extracellular fluid)

ICF: is fluid inside the cell (cytosol) 2/3 of all body fluids

ECF: fluid outside the cell 1/3 of all body fluids

passive transport

Requires NO energy(no ATP), Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

TYPES: filtration, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

active transport

Energy (ATP) is required; Moves low to high concentration

Active Process TYPES: Active transport, vesicular transport

Filtration

movement of water (solvent) and substances (solutes) down their concentration gradients due to hydrostatic pressure. EX: Kidneys, liver