Peters Semester 2 Final

What was Hitler's book called and what does it translate to?

Mein Kampf ("my struggle")

Why was the US more prosperous after WWI than other countries (initially)?

no war on us soil, loaning to other countries for reparations, Allied country so had advantage

Why did the stock market crash in 1929?

the stock market had been high for so long that they were paranoid and began to sell, people didn't realize credit cards weren't free money and debt built up

What was the stock market crash of 1929 called and when did it happen?

Black Tuesday (Oct. 29, 1929)

What was Germany's government post WWI?

Weimar Republic (democratic)

What was the Dust Bowl and when did it happen?

1934: drought hit the us and blew the topsoil away into clouds of dust

What methods did the Nazis use to separate Jewish people and other targeted groups from the rest of the population?

ghettos, antisemitic laws, propaganda, public humiliation, stars of david on clothing, boycotting of businesses

What groups other than Jews were targeted during the Holocaust?

political opponents, Jehovah's witnesses, homosexual men, asocials (beggars, prostitutes, alcoholics, etc), black people, disabled people, Roma, Poles, Soviet officials and POWs, Slavs

What ended the Holocaust?

The Allied Powers defeating Germany in 1945 and liberating concentration camps and death marches

What were the Nuremberg laws and what was their purpose?

Laws segregating and excluding Jews from society, their purpose was to create "a racially pure" Germany (prohibited marriage between Jews and non Jews, took away citizenship)

What were the effects of the Nuremberg Trials?

future prevention of war crimes (geneva convention, etc), individuals can be held accountable, following orders not an excuse

How did Mussolini control the press?

he made himself editor in chief of the paper, restricted foreign press, much propaganda and censorship

What country did Mussolini and Italy conquer and make a colony in 1935?

Ethiopia (used poison gas to conquer)

What happened to Mussolini after the war?

he was arrested and then publicly beaten and hanged in the streets of Rome

What does the term Nazi mean?

National Socialists

Who was the leader of Fascist Spain?

General Francisco Franco

Which Spanish city stood up to Franco and was destroyed in the world's first saturation arial bombardment?

Guernica

What were the 3 Reichs (hitler's regime was called the "third reich")?

1. Holy Empire

2. Empire by Bismark

3. new German Empire (hitler)

What was Germany's air force called?

the Luftwaffe

What were the different types of planes?

fighters, bombers, cargo

What were the main features of aircraft carriers?

catapults to slingshot planes, cannons, cloaking technology

How did the depression lead to a rise in fascism?

people began to lose hope in democracy and it's ability to solve their problems> allowing for extremists and radical ideas to become popular> there was more interest in communism and the rise of fascism

Why was Italy struggling post WWI?

war vets couldn't find jobs, Russian Rev inspired revolts, tariffs rose and trade declined, Italy got less reparations

How did Mussolini come into power?

he had support and the King of Italy appointed him as pime minister in fear of a coup

What was the name of Mussolini's secret police?

Blackshirts

How did Hitler come into power and when?

he was elected "Fuhrer" legally (1933)

Why did the League of Nations admit Germany and Russia (1926)?

to decrease tensions and create peace

What did the Kellogg-Briand Pact do?

limited small arms weapon production and size of navies, STARTING a war is illegal, (1st world disarmament treaty signed by maj. of L of Nations)

What was the major flaw of the League of Nations?

it had no united military force to stop aggressors and relied on trust of member states

What major country never joined the League of Nations?

The United States (isolationism)

Why did Japan drop out of the League of Nations?

they wanted Manchuria and invaded, L of N threatened to take away their membership, so Japan leaves L of N (1931)

What was the "Rhineland"

a demilitarized zone between France and Germany (hitler positions troops there and breaks treaty

Why did nations want to appease?

to avoid war and more damage/costs/reparations/deaths, to ease economic struggles

Who were the Axis Powers?

Germany, Italy, Japan (main goal to stop the threat of communism and individually expand)

Who was Japan's leader in WWII?

Emperor Hirohito

What was the first country annexed by Germany?

Austria (1938) > Hitler was from Austria and they spoke German there

What was the Czech Crisis?

Hitler wanted German speaking Sudetenland back from Czechoslovakia to unite "Germans" > Munich Agreement

What was the Munich Agreement?

During the conflict revolving Sudetenland, the leaders of UK, France, Italy, Germany, agreed to led Germany annex Sudetenland as long as it was Hitler's last territorial addition (appeasement) (Germany attacks Poland 1 year later)

What was the Pact of Steel?

Hitler and Mussolini agree that if war happens, they would never surrender separately

What was the Nazi-Soviet Pact?

deal between Hitler and Stalin not to attack each other and to divide up Poland & other parts of Europe

Why was Russia initially on the Axis side?

they were aided by Germany for rev, not Big 4 so disliked Allies, US supported "whites" in Bolshevik rev.

What is a "Blitzkrieg"?

"lightning war" > a tactic to quickly attack and overwhelm the enemy (Germans used to attack Poland in 1939)

When did WWII begin?

Sep. 1, 1939 (soviets and Germany attack Poland)

What was Operation Barbarossa?

the codename for Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union> Hitler loses in Battle of Stalingrad because of Russian winter

How did the US become involved in WWII?

US banned sale of "war materials" to Japan, Japan bombs Pearl Harbor

What were the atomic bombs made of out?

one was Uranium (Hiroshima), one was Plutonium (Nagasaki)

What was the research project that created the atom bombs called?

The Manhattan Project

Where were the atom bombs dropped?

Hiroshima (bomb "Little Boy") and Nagasaki (bomb "Fat Man")

What were the names of the planes that dropped the atom bombs?

"Enola Gay" (hiroshima), Bockscar (nagasaki) > both were B-29 Superfortresses

What was the Battle of Okinawa?

island of Japan, kamikaze attacks, most bloody in pacific theater, US victory, led to defeating Japan entirely

What was the Battle of Iwo Jima?

US invaded Iwo Jima island to secure airfields for the allies, led to decision to drop atom bomb, flag raise

What was D-Day?

Allies invaded Normandy, to liberate Europe from Nazis, landed on beaches allies win, turning point in the war

What was the Battle of Stalingrad?

German attempt to seize Stalingrad from Soviet Union & disrupt supply lines and oil fields, German loss bc winter

What was the Battle of Britain?

Germany attacked by air force bombing, british resist germany, first German loss and hope for Europe

What was the Battle of Midway?

US island hopping campaign to take Japanese islands and limit resources, US WIN

What was the Battle of Leyte Gulf?

Liberate the Philippines from Japanese occupation, across Leyte gulf, ALLIES WIN, Philippines liberated,

What was the Battle of El Alamein?

two battles:

1st: axis wanted to break through British lines advance into Egypt to control Suez canal, British resisted and STALEMATE 2nd: British win a

What was the Battle of the Bulge?

German advance creates a "bulge" on Allied lines, the Allies push back and win

What was the Battle of Guadalcanal?

US attack on Guadalcanal in the Solomon islands Allies won and this began their island hopping campaign

When was VE Day? (victory in Europe)

May 8th 1945

When was VJ Day? (Victory over Japan)

Aug. 15, 1945 (official end of war)

What were the "Big 4" at the end of WWII?

France, UK, USA, USSR

What was the post-war treaty called?

Potsdam Conference

What is the Truman Doctrine?

the new US policy establishing the US will support "free people who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities" and containment of Communist nations would ensure peace

What were the US post war financial aid plans called?

Marshall Plan

What was the Battle of Dunkirk?

German blitzkrieg on the beaches of Dunkirk that trapped Allied forces, Allied forces were evacuated successfully, "miracle of dunkirk" allowed Britain to keep fighting and contributing to war effort

What amendment was prohibition?

18th

What was the "red scare"?

the fear of communism post war in 1919-20 in the US, immigration bans were put in place

What was the Maginot Line?

a defensive line French built along it's German border after WWI to prevent invasion

What was the March on Rome?

Fascists stormed Rome, eventually leading to Mussolini becoming appointed Prime Minister

Who was the King of Italy who appointed Mussolini?

King Victor Emmanuel 3rd

What was the Terror Famine?

1932: to protest peasants grew only enough for themselves so Stalin took the grain from them and gave it to the city, leading to famine

What were "kulaks"?

wealthy Russian farmers (Stalin wanted to eliminate them)

What was The Great Purge?

Stalin arrested anyone who could connive against him and charged them with crimes (included old Bolshevik revolutionaries)

What is "socialist realism"?

censorship where Soviet has to be portrayed only as positive with no criticisms

What was the New Deal?

economic/social programs, stock market regulating laws, and social security introduced by Franklin D. Roosevelt to help the Great Depression

What is Russification?

the forcing of Russian culture and language on diverse soviet groups

What religion became the Soviet state policy?

Atheism (per Marxism, communism overtakes religion)

What is appeasement?

giving into aggressors so peace can be held

What were the main Pacific battles?

Midway, Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Leyte Gulf, Guadalcanal, Coral Sea

What were the main European battles?

Dunkirk, Britain, Bulge, Stalingrad, D-Day

What was the largest concentration/death camp in Poland?

Auschwitz

What is the name for a Japanese suicide bomber?

kamikaze

Who was the prime minister of Britain during WWII?

Winston Churchill

What was the Battle of the Coral Sea?

the Japanese wanted to create an airbase in New Guinea, threatening Ally supply lines to Australia, ALLIES WIN,

What area of Czechoslovakia was first annexed by Hitler?

the Sudetenland

Who was the supreme Ally commander for Europe?

Eisenhower

Who was Hitler's top general?

The Desert Fox (Erwin Rommel)

Who was the supreme Ally commander of the Pacific?

Douglas MacArthur

What were the five beaches of Normandy?

Gold, Juno, Utah, Omaha, Sword

When was the bombing of Pearl Harbor?

Dec. 7, 1941

Why did Fascists hate communism and democracy?

Communism because they believed in one authoritative figure, and Democracy because it created conflict because of the differing opinions

What was Operation Sea Lion?

Germany's plan to take over the UK during WWII.

Who was the leader of the Manhattan project?

Oppenheimer

What was the first test called of the Manhattan project?

Ground Zero (Los Alamos, NM)

What did Mussolini promise?

economy strengthened, jobs for everyone, trains run on time

What was the program created by Lenin to aid revolutionary groups around the world called?

Comintern (communist international)

What does USSR stand for?

Union of Soviet Socialist Republic

What was the secret police force of the Nazis?

Gestapo

What were the elite guards of the Nazis called?

SS (Schutzstaffel)