research final study guide

quantitative approaches

- experimental

- outcomes

- descrptive

experimental study design

- rigorous group comparison studies

- labs

outcomes study design

effectiveness of OT intervention techniques

descriptive study design

- non-experimental

- correlational

- normative

qualitative study design

- ethnography

- grounded theory

- critical theory

- phenomenology

ethnography

- what is the culure of this group of people

- values, roles, beliefs, and practices

- attemps to gain insider's view, focused on informants

grounded theory

- what theories emerge from systematic, comparitive analysis grounded in fieldwork observations

critical theory

- social theory thaat aims to critique and change society as a whole

- positive social and political transformation, reducing social injustices

phenomenology

- how do people make sense of their lived experiences

- only fully knowable by those who share the experience

overall data types

discrete

- values that cannot be broken down into smaller parts

- ex. number of subjects

continuous

- values that can be measured with great precision

- ex. age, weight, height

parametric data

quantitative data

interval

- difference between any two values is meaningful and consistent but no true zero point

- ex. temperature, blood pressure

ratio

- has all properties of interval data but has a meaningful true zero point

- ex. range of motion

nonparametric data

qualitative data

nominal

- value are categories or labels without order or ranking

- gender, eye color, blood type

ordinal

- values are categroies or labels with order and ranking

- likert scale, course grade

common parametric tests (and correlating nonparametric tests)

- chi square test

- t-test

- paired t-test

- ANOVA

- pearson correlation

chi square test

to compare categorical variables

t-test

compare the mean of two given samples

paired t-test

test the difference between two variables for the same subject

- ex. before and after measurement

ANOVA

to compare 3 or more samples with a single test, or the manipulation of two or more independent variables

one-way ANOVA

one independent with one dependent

two-way ANOVA

two independent with one dependent

MANOVA

ANOVA with two or more multiple, dependent variables

one-way MANOVA

one independent with 2+ dependent

two-way MANOVA

two independent with 2+ dependent

ANCOVA

used to understand differences between groups but accounts for other variable that might influence the results (covariance)

pearson correlation

measure that shows the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

- positive correlation

- negative correlation

- no correlation

rigor

reliability and validity

reliability

consistency

test-restest

how well a test produces similar scores over time when given to the same individual

inter-rater

extent to which different examiners obtain the same results for the same patient

internal

extent to which the score on the items of a scale correlate with each other

validity

accuracy

internal validity

how well the research study was conducted, whether the results can be attributed to the variables being tested

external validity

how well the results of a study can be generalized to other settings, people, or times beyond the study itself

categories of trustworthiness

- credibility

- dependability

- transferability

- confirmability

ways to increase trustworthiness

- management of bias

- interviewer training

- traingulation

- prolonged engagement in the field

- project based methods

- member checks

- reflexivity

- audit trails

mean

average

mode

most frequently occuring value in the set of a score

median

middle score for a set of data that has been arranged in order of magnitude

standard deviation

measure of variance (spread of score) within a set of data

- ex. mean = 30, stdev = 3. 33 would be within 1 stdev

inferential statistics

drawing conclusions about a population based on the data from a sample

- generalization of the data

- hypothesis testing

- makes predictions about populations using sample data that represents study population

descriptive statistics

organizes and summarizes data

- mesaures frequency

- central tendency

- dispersion or variation

- position

measures of central tendency

mean, median, mode

measures of dispersion or variation

range, variance, standard deviation

measures of position

percentile and quartile ranks

how does p value influence what we decide to do with the null hypothesis

p-value: the probability of finding an observed value or a data point relative to all other possible results for the same variable

p < 0.001 or 0.05 = significant difference, reject null

p > 0.001 or 0.05 = no significant difference, accept null

type I error

false positive

- getting a sig result when there is no effect present

- rejecting a null hypothesis even though it is true

ex. convict someone of a crime when they are actually inncocent

type II error

false negative

- failing to get a sig result when some effect is present

- not rejecting a null hypothesis even though it is false

ex. free a quily individual when they are guilty of a crime

what type of error is false negative

type II

what type of error is rejecting the null hypothesis when it's actually true

type I

what type of error is not rejecting the null hypothesis when it's actually false

type II

what type of error is failing to conclude there was an effect when there actually was one

type II

what is dissemination

- key characteristics

means for investigators to describe the research process so that peer scholars are able to evaluate its rigor and ability to be replicated

- shares knowledge with stakeholders so it can be used for practical ends

peer reviewed dissemination

important to research for providing quality control

- typically undertaken by an expert panel / committee

reviewers make on of the following recommendation

- rejection

- invitation to make major revision and submit for rereview

- acceptance pending minor or no revision

- reviewers generally provide detailed feedback, which provides the rationale for the recommendation

non-peer reviewed dissemination

- invited presentations

- continuing education courses

- books

- professional publications and newletters

- nonprint materials containing info about research findings and their implications

where does research work get disseminated to

professionals and scientists

- form of presentations and posters at conferences and journal publications; either peer-reviewed or non-peer-reviewed

stakeholders

- sharing info with research participants, public presentations to consumer and community groups, collaborating organizations

- reports to gov and private agencies, legistlative bodies, and public officials

- public websites

- targeted brochures

- released to popular press and media

in research, what is a stakeholder

anyone outside the scientific and professional community who may be informed or influenced by the research findings either in their personal lives or in the exercise of their responsiblities

- research participants

- recipients of related services

- agencies making health care decisions

- funding sources

- people who are impacted by the new knowledge