unit 4: division and inheritance quiz review

True or False: Cell division is a form of sexual reproduction

false

Define cell division

a reproduction of cells to create exact replicas of one another

*know the terms

What are the purposes of cell division

• for the growth of an organism

• to repair damaged cells

• replacing dead or dying cells

About how long does the cell cycle take

about 24 hours

What are the three parts of the eukaryotic cell cycle

• interphase

• mitosis

• cytokinesis

Where does the cell spend most of its time

interphase

What happens during interphase

• cell growth

• chromosomes + DNA replication

Define haploid

half the number of total chromosomes

What are the 3 phases of interphase

G1, S, G2 (G0 is not a part of the main process but its still there)

Define diploid

the full number of chromosomes

What happens in G1

• cell growth

• stimulates cell signals (cyclin)

• cell organelles are being replicated

What is the purpose of checkpoints within the cell cycle

to make sure that the processes at each phase of the cell cycle have been correctly preformed before moving into the next phase

What is at the G1 checkpoint

• checks for DNA damage

• checks if the signal (cyclin) is ok (by using the CDK enzyme)

What happens during S phase

• DNA is duplicated

What does the ‘S’ stand for in S Phase

synthesis

What form of reproduction is cell division

asexual

What happens during the S phase checkpoint

it is confirmed that the DNA duplicated correctly

What happens during G2

• higher amounts of signals (cyclin)

• cell growth continues

• specific organelles prepare for next phase

What is the purpose of G0

some cells need a ‘pit stop’ and rest here and stay until they are signaled to move on

Why do some cells stay in G0 permanently

if the cell is unable to reproduce/divide

Why does the cell spend most of its time in interphase

interphase is where the actual cells are created and its where the chromosomes are duplicated so the cell needs to make sure it was done correctly.

Define mitosis

the nucleus getting divided

What are the phases of mitosis (PMAT)

• prophase

• metaphase

• anaphase

• telephase

What happens during prophase

• chromosomes are visable

• microtubes are forming spindle fibers

What happens during metaphase

chromosomes are at the middle of the cell and spindle fibers hold them there

What is the purpose of the checkpoint during mitosis

to check if the spindle fibers grabbed the chromosome

What is the formation of the cells in telephase

1 cell, 2 nucleus

Define cytokinesis

cytoplasm is divided between the cells, this process ends with a diploid number

What is a diploid number

the total number of chromosomes

Is the DNA identical in each diploid number cell

yes

How does an organism have so many cells

the process of differentiation

What does differentiation begin with

embryonic stem cells

What does pluropotent mean

cells that are able to become any kind of cell

How many chromosomes must a sperm and egg have to form 1 zygote

23 each

What happens, in relation to division, to a zygote

the cell will keep dividing until it is 8 cells in blastula

What occurs in the stage blastula

differentiation actually occurs by sending an epigenetics signal to the DNA to ‘turn’ on and off to create spesific cells. after that, the potency is lowered and the cell becomes multipontent. at the blastula, folds occur

Define multipotent

the cell is given a spesific job

What are the folds in the blastula called

• ecotderm

• mesoderm

• endoderm

What falls into the ectoderm category

cells connected to the outside

ex. skin, eyes, neurons

What falls into the mesoderm category

blood cells, teeth, bones, tissues

What falls into the endoderm category

cells for internal organs

Define telomeres

caps for our chromosomes to protect the chromosome during DNA duplication (happens during interphase at S phase)

Do telomeres contain genes

no

What happens to telomeres as chromosmes continue to duplicate

the telomreres become shorter and shorter until it reaches cell differentiation

Which cells are immortal (2 answers)

1. embryotic stem cells (able to become any cell)

2. cancer cells (bc of an enzyme that goes to the chromosome to repair and replace telomeres)

What does the protein telomerase do

allows the cell to continuously replicate

What causes cancer

DNA becomes mutated, this then allows for out of control cell growth

Name the causes of cancerous cells

• radiation

• uv radiation

• smoking

• genetics

Which of the 4 main causes of cancer are environmental (radiation, uv radiation, smoking, genetics)

genetics

What does the term carcinogens mean

cancer causing

Why does uncontrolled/quick cell growth occur

the cell skips checkpoints

In relation to the growth limitations of cells, how do normal cells behave

divide into the space they are given and utilize the nutrients available

In relation to the growth limitations of cells, how do cancer cells behave

divide continuously and clump up on top of each other. takes all the nutrients from the environment, effectively draining healthy cells from nutrients which results in cell death

What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and a oncogene

proto-oncogenes stimulate the cell cycle and oncogenes keep the cell cycle going uncontrollably

What does a proto-oncogene do

• stimulates the cell cycle

• controls the cell cycle

What happens if a proto-oncogene is mutated

if a mutation occurs, the cell cycle goes at a quick rate, thus creating cells replicating out of control and checkpoints becoming ignored. out of control cells replicating are called oncogenes

What is angiogenesis

cancer cells send a signal to the environment to create/form new blood vessels

What do blood vessels do for a cancer cell

• provide nutrients

• provides a pathway for the cancer cells to move to a new location

What is it called when a cancer cell moves to a different location

metastasis

If a parent cell has 18 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will its daughter cells have and why

the daughter cells would both have 18 chromosomes because in cell division, the parent cell creates 2 exact copies of its self

Is meiosis cyclic (occurring in a cycle)

no

Where does meiosis occur

in gametes (sperm, egg)

What are the purposes of meiosis (2)

• to create a haploid cell

• to increase genetic diversity

Why would one of the goals of meiosis be to create a haploid cell

bc when 2 haploid cells come together, they create a zygote

How many chromosomes are in an egg

23

How many chromosomes are in a sperm

23

If a sperm has 23 chromosomes, and an egg also has 23 chromosomes, how many chromosomes does 1 cell have

46

What are the 2 subtopics of interphase

• meiosis 1

• meiosis 2

What happens during interphase

• DNA replicates in S phase

• cell growth

• checkpoints needed

• organelles replicated

Define metastasis

cancer spreads to a new location

What is a centromere

‘band’ that holds the chromosomes together

What is one side of a chromosome called

a chromatid

Define homologous chromosomes

chromosomes are paired up with similar genes (alleles). these genes are not identical bc they carry different forms of a certain gene

What happens during prophase 1

homologous chromosomes are paired up with one another, they can become tangled with each other and they swap DNA

What happens during metaphase 1

homologous chromosomes move to the middle of the cell with spindle attachment. the homologous chromosomes arrange themselves at that location.

What is it called when when homologous chromosomes randomly arrange themselves at a certain location

independent assortment

What happens during anaphase 1

homologous chromosomes are moved to the ends of the cell

What happens during telophase 1/cytokinesis 1

2 haploid cells are present

What happens in meiosis 2

a process like mitosis occurs, working with 2 cells and ending with 4 haploid cells that are genetically different

Why is there not interphase between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

the DNA would duplicate

Define spermatogenesis

the process of creating sperm

How many cells are viable in spermatogenesis

4 out of 4 cells

Define oogenesis

the process of creating eggs

How many cells are viable in oogenesis

1 out of 4 cells

When are eggs produced in a woman

when in utero

what kind of cells undergo cellular division

somatic cells

what happens when mitosis goes wrong

the overproduction of cells occurs

what happens when meiosis goes wrong

imbalances of the amount of chromosomes in each daughter cell