Hispanic Communities
stereotyped as illegal immigrants, over policed, underserved
Black Communities
disproportionately arrested for violent and property crimes, shot 4x more than whites by cops
Native American Communities
inadequate law enforcement despite higher crime rates, underfunded police, lack resources
____ have the most confidence in police
whites
first most important factor in public attitudes towards police
race
second most important factor in public attitudes towards police
age
procedural justice
levels of satisfaction mainly determined not by outcome but by process (what happens during the encounter)
most likely victims of crime
african americans
hispanics
race that initiates contact with police the least
native americans
race that experiences the highest violent crime rates
lowest victimization rates
asian, pacific islander and hawaiian
middle eastern
race that experiences stereotyping at airports, racial profiling and hate crimes
ratio of police fatal shootings has ____ from 1970 to 1998
decreased, by half
Tennessee v Garner
one of the most significant police shooting incidents.. fleeing felon rule
fleeing felon rule
allowed officers to shoot to kill for purpose of arrest any fleeing suspecting felon, supreme court declared unconstitutional
vice activities
police historically segregated in low income and racial minority neighborhoods
initial hiring, assignments and promotions
employment discrimination in policing
bail critics
says system discriminates against poor defendants and racial minorities
less
african american who SA white is ____ likely to be convicted than whites charged with SA a white
enhancements
extra charges
Strauder v West Virginia
limiting jury selection to white males violates equal protection clause of 14 amendment, but this didnât stop them from developing techniques designed to preserve an all white jury.
racial disparity
âminorities commit more serious crimes and have more serious prior criminal records than whitesâ
indirect/ economic discrimination
âminorities are more likely to be poorâ
institutional discrimination
âminorities are more likely to be subject to the neutral lawsâ
racial discrimination
judges are biased or have prejudices against minorities
subtle racial discrimination
the disparities occur in some contexts but not others
juvenile justice and delinquency prevention act 1974
separated, deinstitutionalize and when it was revised, construction of separate juvenile facilities
first stage in juvenile justice system
intake.. juvenile petition, detention hearing, preliminary hearing, transfer hearing
2 stage in juvenile justice system
adjudication- adjudicatory hearing (criminal trial)
3 stage in juvenile justice system
disposition- final stage in processing, sentencing
4 stage in juvenile justice system
post adjudicatory hearing - appeals
superpredators
80s term to describe criminal youth ânew breed of violent offenders with no remorseâ
gun free schools act 1994
automatic expulsion of at least 1 year for bringing firearm or explosive to school
1960s focus
rehab
1960s juveniles
starts to separate adults and juveniles
1960s crime
increasing, new rights being violated, civil disobedience (protesting) was a crime that âled to other crimeâ
1960s major events
civil rights, watts riots (police abuse riots)
1960s supreme court
warren- search and seizure, individual and defendant rights
1960s policing
end of reform era, team policing, miranda rights passed
1960s sentencing
indeterminate sentencing, lots of judge discretion on length of time (between 10 and 25 years judge picks)
1970s supreme court
burger- exclusionary rule
1970s policing
moved from team policing to community policing, police corruption coming to light
1970s sentencing
structured sentencing (by the book), sentencing chart
1970s corrections
exposing high recidivism, no point in rehab, focus on punishment
1970s juvenile
juvenile prevention act passed, required separate area from adults, status offenders canât be held in confinement, increase use of community sentencing, more judicial discretion
1970s crime
continued to increase
1980s major events
âtough on crimeâ era
1980s supreme court
burger, then rehnquist
1980s policing
community policing still, african americans had hard time w this, war on drugs followed through by reagan
1980s sentencing
mandatory minimum for drugs, truth in sentencing (violent and serious crimes had to serve at least 85% of sentence in prison) (states got money if adopted)
1980s corrections
retribution, incapacitation and deterrence, dramatic increase in prison population, private prisons to help w overcrowding
1980s juveniles
juvenile prevention act revised- completely separate facilities now, automatically tried as an adult if had drugs/ weapons w in 1000 ft of school
1980s crime
dramatic increase in drug crimes, sharp increase in young men crime (superpredators)
1990s major events
LA riots (rodney king), OKC bombing, Columbine
1990s supreme court
rehnquist
1990s policing
community policing still, police funding skyrockets with more military equipment
1990s sentencing
3 strikes laws, more states adopt federal sentencing guidelines for all crimes, not just violent and serious ones
1990s corrections
retribution, incapacitation and deterrence focus, prison population continues to grow fast
1990s juvenile
more student issues turned criminal, schools hands them to police, schools becoming more prison-like, juvenile transfer is easier to get (juvenile to adult prison)
1990s crime
violent crime increase ends
2000s supreme court
rehnquist and john roberts
2000s policing
increase in intelligence agencies, tech to fight crime like heat maps, racial profiling officially banned
2000s sentencing
beginning of sentencing reform to help with effects of mass incarceration, focus more of release from prison (reentry), prison #s begin to drop
2000s corrections
prison pop begins to drop
2000s juvenile
death penalty eliminated
2000s crime
street crime declining, increase in white collar crime, DNA relying
2010s major events
mass shootings
2010s supreme court
john roberts
2010s policing
homeland security era (still increasing intelligence agencies)
2010s sentencing
fair sentencing act, crack cocaine v cocaine (racial)
2010s corrections
rehab and restoration focused, prison pop still declining
2010 juvenile
life sentences without possibility of parole is unconstitutional, even for homicide later, solitary confinement for federal offense banned
2010s crime
continues to decrease except for high crime cities, crime barely peaked on its decline right around elections.