Micro Biology Campbell University Dr. Thomas Exam One

A new microbe has been discovered in the rumen of sheep. Microscopy shows no evidence of a nuclear membrane and biochemical studies of the cell wall demonstrate the lack of peptidoglycan. Metabolic studies show that this microbe generates methane. This microbe would most likely be classified in the:

Archea

Which components is/are found in GM+bacteria only

Teichoic Acid

A low power lens w/ a small numerical apperture will have a ________ working distance as compared to the oil immersion objective lens with a larger numerical aperture

Larger

The core of endospore contains

DNA and Ribosomes

Calcium and Dipicolinic Acid

A bacterium rotating its flagella_______travels in a straight line for a few seconds which is called a _______ it then rotates it flagella thereby stopping which is called a _______

Counterclockwise

run clockwise

tumble

You are a first year graduate student and decided to do your first rotation in a microbiology lab. The lab has discovered a potential new bacterial species isolated from the great salt lake in Utah. You treat the bacterium with lysozyme to explore the cell wall properties. Lysozyme seems to have NO impact which of the following would orived the best hypothesis for why lysozyme may be inactive against this species?

The organisms are likely an archaeal extremophile. If it is from domain Archaea i might carry a pseudo-muerin and is not recognized by lysozyme

Methicillin Resistant Staph aureus (MRSA) is an antibiotic resistant "super-bug" that can cause dadly infection in humans. What would these Gram-positive cocci look like under a microscope?

Purple Spheres

If one adds a chemical that targets and blocks the ETC from establishing proton gradients. which of hte following examples would be impacted?

Transport of lactose by a symporter

movement of the bacterial flagellum

OIl immersion contains the same refractive index as glass. What does this mean in terms of its use with the bright-feild 100x microscope lens?

The oil will prevent the reffraction or scattering of light and direct it to the inside of the obective lense

the use of oil will allow for greater resoltution

You discover a new species of bacteria and are in expert in lipids and membranes. YOu begin to study the composition of the cell membrane of the unknown bacterium. You know that membranes differ between Bacteria and Archaea. If you discover that the organism carries ______ then you will conclude that the organisms will be from Archaea.

Phospholipids with ether bonds between glycerol and FA

Phospholipids composed of isoprene core units

A monolayer

Branching and Cyclic rings in FA chains

Lady Gaga preformed the gram stain but forgot to include the grams iodine step. The gram-positive bacteria will look___ and the gram negetive will look___

pink and pink

Which is true concerning the phosphoenol pyruvate sugar phosphotransferase system?

PEP donates he phosphate that will be used to phosphoylate the sugar as it is transported

Irene Matthews is an infection control nurse in the hospital in Atlanta, GA. Three patients in her hospital have post procedural bacterial specticemia

Joe is recovering from rotator surgery

Jessis is a 16 yo in ICU following a car accident

Maureen is a 57 y/o grandma who had artery bypass surgery

All three patients are infected with Kelbsiella pneumonia show Gm negetive rods in the stain. All pt are suggering and have hypotension. All are given beta lactam antibiotics, imipenem. Joa and Maureen improve in a day or two. Jessis is getting worse. why?

Jessies sx may results from bacterial death producing endospores

jessies infection may be a strain that is resistant to beta lactam antibiotics

Chemotaxis is a process by which bacteria

move toward an attractant or away from a repellent.

In the case study of the meningitis pt, the pt carried bacteria in the CSF that stained both pink and purple. What was the final conclusion

The pt carried Acinetobacter baumanii wher ethe gm procedure is tricky and the gm negetive bacteria hold the purple color and do not destain well especially when aged.

Which statement regarding the CM in domain Bacteria is generally true>

Bacterial Membranes carry sterils called hopanoids

bacterial membranes contain phospholipids that aggregate to a certain location in the cell membrane forming lipid domains

A new organism was found that was unicellular and .7mm long. The large size of the organism would_______

Not tell weather it was Euk or Prok

A pathogenic bacterium is known to ingect hosts via a respiratory route, attaching to phayngeal epithelial cells. What type of external structures might the pathogen possess in order to aid in attachment to the epithelium?

Pilli or fimbriae

Metachromatic granules

The capsule

may be used for protection AND may be used to help the bacteria adhere to surfaces.

You would likely determine if a bacterum carries a capsule by ____ and ____

Using an acidic dye and using negative staining procedure

Which AA is found in the peptidoglycan of bacteria?

Diaminopimelic Acid and D-alanine

Bacterial pili present on the outer cell surface are used for ______

Adherence to surfaces

Which is not part of Kochs postualtes

rRNA analysis must be done on the microorganism that is suspected cause

You are examining a biofilm that forms on surfaces that mimic human teeth. you would use_______ microscopy to examine the complexity

confocal scanning laser

Which functions to block transpeptidase activity during cell wall synthesis and precents peptidoglycan crosslinking?

Penicillin

Although mycobacterium sp have been studied, scientist have used microscopy where the cells are rapidly plunged into cold liquid and forms vitreous ice. This technique is called

Electron cryotomography

Which would induce a culture of C. diff to pd endospores?

forgetting the culture and leaving in an incubator for a week

The E.coli lactose permease transports lactose by using proton electrochemical gradient by the mechanism of ____ under phsiological conditions

symport

The schaeffer-fulton endospore staining procedure wil result in vegetative vells staining_____and endospores staining______

pink, blue-green

Antiseptic surgery was pioneered by

Joseph Lister

YOu are studying the motility of the large spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi in order to determine how it moves in viscous liquid. You choose the ____microscope

Dark feild

Peptidoglycan from a GM-negetive bacterium:

Consists of long strands of alternating NAG and NAM residues that are connected by cross-linking

The explosive chemical. TNT can reamin in sould after use and is hazardous t ohumans. The company is isolating microorganisms that can break down TNT. What is this?

Bioremediation

Which pare is mismatched

gas vacuoles-storage of O2 for respiration

Which Eukaryotic organelles is important for packaging, secretiion of proteins and modification of protiens?

golgi apparatus

In general, primary active transport systems donot rely on what for transport of nutrients

Concentration gradients of substances being transported

Whic is true about bacterial flagell is true

the basal body of the flagellum is composed of protiens that associate to form a structure that looks like a central rod with rings.

Both viroid and sattellites

carry nake peices of RNA

Which stements with regards to L forms is/are true?

Do not carry a cell wall anymore

may explain persistent and recurring human infections

have the capacity to revert to their normal form

likely become more important in medical microbiology in the future as we learn more

(ALL THE ABOVE)

Transport of two different substances can be linked. If the transport is in the same direction it is called ___________; if the transport is in opposite directions it is called ___________.

Antiport, symport

A young woman seeks medical for pneumonia-like symptoms. The doctor prescribed penicillin. However, following several weeks on the antibiotics the womans condition worsens and seels a second opinion. The second doctore determines that she has Mycoplasma infection. Was the first doctor correct in prescribing penicillin for Mycoplasma and why?

Penicillin is not effective against Mycoplasma because Mycoplasma does not contain a cell wall with peptidoglycan

Parasitic worms, even meter -long tapeworms are studied in microbiology becuase

Diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples

Acid-fast organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis resist decolorization by an acid -alcohol wash because of the high concentration of _____ in their cell walls.

mycolic acids and waxy lipids

which best explains why the flouresent microscope has better resolution that the bright-feild microscope

the fluorecent microscope uses fluorchromes which increases resolution

Who was the first person to publish drawings of microscopic fungi (e.g., Mucor) in the book Micrographia (1665)?

Robert Hooke

Who discovered "animacules" using early microscopes between 1674 and 1676?

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

Who refuted spontaneous generation of maggots in 1668 by showing they came from fly eggs?

Francesco Redi

Who attacked the concept of spontaneous generation using sealed, boiled flasks from 1765–1776?

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Who introduced the cowpox vaccination to protect against smallpox in 1798?

Edward Jenner

Who traced the source of a cholera outbreak to a broad street water pump in 1854?

John Snow

Who definitively disproved spontaneous generation in 1861?

Louis Pasteur

Who demonstrated that Bacillus anthracis causes anthrax in 1876?

Robert Koch

What major milestones occurred in microbiology in 1884?

Koch's postulates were published, Metchnikoff described phagocytosis, the autoclave was developed, and the Gram stain was developed.

Q: Who developed the rabies vaccine in 1885?

• A: Louis Pasteur

Q: What processes did Sergei Winogradsky study between 1887 and 1890?

A: Sulfur and nitrifying bacteria.

Q: Who isolated root nodule bacteria in 1888?

A: Martinus Beijerinck

Q: Who proved that a virus causes tobacco mosaic disease in 1899?

A: Martinus Beijerinck

Q: Who discovered in 1911 that a virus can cause cancer?

A: Peyton Rous

Q: Who discovered bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) between 1915 and 1917?

A: Frederick Twort and Félix d'Hérelle

Q: What landmark reference manual for bacterial classification was first published in 1923?

A: Bergey's Manual

Q: Who discovered penicillin in 1929?

A: Alexander Fleming

Q: Who discovered bacterial transformation in 1928?

A: Frederick Griffith

Q: What is the concept of spontaneous generation?

• 
  

• A: The idea that living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter.

Q: How did Francesco Redi attempt to discredit spontaneous generation?

A: By showing that maggots on decaying meat originated from fly eggs rather than the meat itself.

Q: What were the findings of John Needham’s broth experiment?

A: He briefly boiled mutton broth and sealed the flasks, but the broth became cloudy with microorganisms, leading him to believe spontaneous generation occurred.

Q: How did Lazzaro Spallanzani refute Needham's experiment?

A: He sealed broth in flasks before boiling them, resulting in no microbial growth, and argued that microbes entered from the air.

Q: How did Louis Pasteur definitively disprove spontaneous generation?

A: He used "swan-necked" flasks containing nutrient solution; air could enter, but microbes were trapped in the curved neck, preventing growth after boiling.

Q: Who introduced the cowpox vaccination to protect against smallpox in 1798?

• 
  

• A: Edward Jenner

• 
  

Q: Who demonstrated that Bacillus anthracis is the causative agent of anthrax?

• 
  

• A: Robert Koch

• 
  

Q: What major contributions did Joseph Lister make to microbiology?

• 
  

• A: Developed antiseptic surgery techniques to prevent wound infections.

• 
  

Q: What discovery was made by Alexander Fleming in 1928?

• A: Penicillin

• 
  

Q: Who discovered that viruses can cause cancer in 1911?

• 
  

• A: Peyton Rous

• 
  

Q: What process in soil microbiology was discovered by Sergei Winogradsky and Martinus Beijerinck?

• A: Nitrifying and sulfur bacteria, and root nodule nitrogen fixation.

Q: What are Koch's Postulates used for?

• 
  

• A: A set of criteria used to establish a causal relationship between a specific microorganism and a specific disease.

• 
  

Q: What main difficulty arises when applying Koch's postulates to a disease unique to humans?

• 
  

• A: You cannot ethically infect a healthy human host to satisfy the postulate requiring reinfection and disease reproduction.