ALLIED HEALTH UNIT 4

HEALTHY BODY SYSTEMS TEST 1: Cells, tissues and organs ; digestive system ; musculoskeletal systems

levels of the organisation in human body

atoms > molecules > organelles > cells > tissues > organs > body system > organisms

function of an animal cell

• provides structure and support

• absorbs nutrients and converting them into energy

• containing genetic material

• allowing for movement

label the animal of cell

• mitchondria

• nucleus

• ribosomes

• SER

• RER

• centrioles

• ribosomes

• golgi appartus

• plasma membrane

• cytoplasm

• nucleolus

4 types of tissues (definition + example)

• connective: transports, insulates, protects, structural support to the body; blood, ligaments, cartilage, tendons

• epithelial: protects, secretion, absorption of body; simple, squamous, cuboidal, columnar, stratified

• muscle: ability to control and relax movements, helps to control movement of O2, blood, nutrients, remove waste; smooth, cardiac, skeletal

• nervous: coordinates and controls body activities, simulates muscle contractions, plays a role in memory and emotions; neurons, glial cells

function of mitchondria

supplies cellular energy (ATP)

function of the nucleus

contains genetic info

function of cytoplasm

holds cytosol, sytoskeleton, organelles (except nucleus)

function of nucleolus

makes ribosomal RNA

function of plasma m embrane

fluid semi-permeable boundary that controls what enters and leaves the cell

function of centrioles

cellular division (mitosis)

function of ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

function of lysosomes

contains lysozyomes

function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

protein synthesis, folding, and sorting

function of the golgi apparatus

stores, packages, transports and modifyes proteins

function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

synthesises lipids

3 types of muscular tissue + its function and example

• smooth: involuntary; stomach and intestines

• cardiac: involuntary; heart

• skeletal: voluntary; biceps, hamstrings

function of the body cavities

protect internal organs and allow for flexibility in organ movement and growth

label the different cavities

• cranial

• spinal

• thoracic

• abdominal

• pelvic

functions of the body membranes

• protection

• lubrication

• removing wastes

• allows movement

• exchange of nutrients

describe the 4 types of membranes

• epithelial membrane - internal structures

• mucous membrane - gastrointestinal, genitourinary, respiratory tracts (muscus)

• serous membrane - watery fluid contained with a double layered loose connective tissue (lungs, abdominal cavity, heart)

• synovial membrane - cavities of the joints

name the membranes that line the cavities surrounding the heart, lung and guts

• pleura (lungs)

• pericardium (heart)

• peritoneum (guts)

label the organs of the digestive system

function of mouth cavity

provides mechanical and chemical digestion to breakdown foods

• teeth tears, grinds, cuts and breaks food into smaller piece

• saliva is excreted (contains amylase) that begins to break down starches into simple sugars

function of the liver

• produces bile

• stores nutrients (glycogen, vitamine D)

• detoxifies harmful substances ( alcohol)

function of the oesphagus

• transport food and liquids to the stomach

• moves food along digestive tract using peristalsis ( involuntary wave action)

function of stomach

• mechanical digestion: stomach churns food into a thick liquid called chyme

• chemical digestion: uses gastric juices to faciliate digestion of food (HCI, Pepsin, Mucous)

function of the gall bladder

• stores and concentrates bile

• releases bile into duodenum when fatty food enter small intestines

function of the small intestines + different areas

• absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream

• main nutrients: carbohydrates, protein, lipids

• Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

function of the large intestines + different areas

• water and electrolyte absorption

• formation and storage of faeces

• cecum, ascending, transverse, decending, rectum, anus

function of the pancreas

• releases enzymes into the duodenum

• releases bicarbonate to neutralise stomach acid in chyme

function of appendix

• maintains gut health

function of anus

• to expel waste from the body

function of rectum

• to store stool before eliminating it from the body

mechanical digestion + examples

• involves physically breaking down food into smaller pieces

• increases the surface area of food to make chemical digestion more effective

  ( teeth chewing food, peristalsis helps churn the food in the stomach)

chemical digestion + examples

• involves enzymes and digestive chemicals breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

  (enzymes in saliva, enzymes from stomach)

• eg. amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids and glycerol

list the main enzymes

• amylase

• protease

• lipase

function of amylase

• breaking down complex carbohydrates into simpler sugars (glycogen > glucose)

function of lipase

• to break down fats into smaller components for easier absorption

function of protease

• break down proteins into smaller units called amino acids

how are nutrients absorb in the small intestines

• through structures called villi

function of villi

• to absorb nutrients from digested foods

function of microvilli

• increases the surface area of cells lining the small intestine, to enhance nutrient absorption

function of the musculoskeletal system

Muscular

• allows movement

• stabilises our joints

• generates heat

• maintains posture

Skeletal

• provides a supportive structure (framework)

• allows movement

• attachments for tendons and muscles

• storage for calcium

types of bones + example

• long bones (femur, humerus)

• short bones (carpals, tarsals)

• irregular bones (vertebrae)

• flat bones (sternum, skull bones)

• sesamoid (patella)

label the bones

what is the purpose of a joint and its structure

provides stability and enables movement

structures where two or more bones connect

types of joints + examples

• fibrous: tough connective tissue and often permit no movement (suture lines between skull)

• cartilaginous (fibrocartilage)

• synovial: a space with a capsule between 2 articulating bone (hinge, ball and socket)

different types of synovial joints

• ball and socket

• hinge

• saddle

• condyloid

• gliding/plane

• pivot

label the muscles

function of ligaments

• connect bone to bone

• plays role in muscolskeletal biomechanics

• soft collagenous

function of tendons

• connect muscle to bone

• capable of resisting hugh tensile forces while transmitting forces from muscle to bone

different types of movement produced by musculoskeletal system

• flexion/extension

• internal/external rotation

• abduction/adduction

• rotation

• circumduction