DHS AP Psych Unit 5 Clinical Psychology-Disorders Only

psychological disorder

a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion, regulation, or behavior

3-D's of Clinical Psychology

To be considered a disorder it must be considered: Deviant- out of the norm, Distressing - causes behavior causes significant psychological, emotional, physical, or social harm, Dysfunctional- interferes with normal day-to-day functioning

Philippe Pineal

French reformer; madness is a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and inhumane conditions

medical model

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

psychopathology

scientific study of psychological disorders

DSM-V

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying and identifying psychological disorders.

Does not offer therapy options.

biopsychosocial model

a model of health that integrates the effects of biological, behavioral, and social factors on health and illness

culture-bound syndromes

disorders found only in particular cultures

susto

conditioned marked by severe anxiety, restlessness, and a fear of black magic

amok

sudden outburst of violent behavior

Tianjin-Kyofusho

social anxiety about one's appearance combined with a readiness to blush and a fear of eye contact

diathesis-stress model

a theory holding that a vulnerability plus stress creates problems in behavior - can be a trigger for the onset of mental disorders

epigenetics

changes in gene expression that take place without a change in the DNA sequence - example - schizophrenia has a genetic component, but the gene can lay dormant unless switched on by environmental factors

psychodynamic perspective

disorders causes from unconscious drives and conflicts

humanistic perspective

disorders caused by the failure to strive to one's potential or being out of touch with one's feelings.

behavioral perspective

disorders caused by how you were reinforcement and the environment.

cognitive perspective

disorders caused by irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or distorted ways of thinking.

social-cultural perspective

disorders are caused by dysfunctional expectations of a culture

biological perspective

disorders are caused by physical/organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.

evolutionary perspective

disorders are caused because believes that some traits that were once beneficial have become maladaptive in modern society

attention-decifit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD

A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

psychological disorders

any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life

anxiety disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

social anxiety disorder

intense fear of negative evaluation in social situations

generalized anxiety disorder

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

specific phobia

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.

agoraphobia

fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Anxiety disorder characterized by persistent and uncontrollable thoughts and irrational beliefs that cause the performance of compulsive rituals that interfere with daily life.

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

post traumatic growth

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

mood disorders

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. See major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder.

major depressive disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities.

persistent depressive disorder - aka dystemic depression

prolonged times of depression - milder than major depression - lasts 2 or more years

postpartum depression

a new mother's feelings of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

mania

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

bipolar 1

periods of severe mood episodes from mania to depression

bipolar 2

milder episodes of hypomania that alternate with periods of severe depression - often undiagnosed

rumination

compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes

psychotic disorders

a group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality

schizophrenia

A psychotic disorder characterized by gross distortions of reality and disturbances in the content and form of thought, perception, and behavior.

psychosis

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

presence of inappropriate behaviors: hallucinations, word salad, inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

absence of appropriate behaviors: toneless voice, expressionless faces

paranoia

prone to delusions of persecution

delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

hallucination

a false sensory perception that seems to be real but for which there is not an actual external stimulus

world salad/clang associations

jumbled words and ideas-often occurs with Disorganized Schizophrenia

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

depression comes and goes with seasons and light; too little serotonin and too much melatonin

flattened affect

an emotionless state when there should be emotions

catatonia stupor

stop responding to their environment, remaining motionless and silent for long stretches of time

catatonia excitement

move excitedly, sometimes wildly waving their arms and legs

dopamine theory of schizophrenia

the theory that schizophrenia is caused by too much dopamine and, conversely, that anti-schizophrenic drugs exert their effects by decreasing dopamine levels

thalamus

very active during hallucinations

ventricle tissues

enlarged, fluid filled areas and a corresponding shrinkage and thinning of cerebral tissues - larger in schizophrenic's brains

frontal lobe activity

low activity in patients with schizophrenia

amygdala

increased activity in people with paranoia

Tardive dyskinesia (TD)

Potentially disabling motor disorder that may occur following regular use of antipsychotic drugs - used in treating schizophrenia. Drugs cause a reductions in dopamine- symptoms mimic Parkinson's.

dissociative disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

Feeding Disorders

inappropriate and unhealthy behaviors related to the types of substances eaten and attitude toward food.

anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an obstinate and willful refusal to eat, a distorted body image, and an intense fear of being fat

bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

binge-eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa

personality disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

3 W's of personality disorders

A: "Weird" Odd, Eccentric Behavior

B:"Wild" Erratic, Impulsive, Unpredictable Behavior

C: "Worried" Anxious, Fearful Behaviors

maladaptive

interfere with normal day to day life

avoidant personality disorder

feelings of extreme social inhibition, inadequacy, and sensitivity to negative criticism and rejection

schizoid personality disorder

lack of interest in social relationships

histrionic personality disorder

a pattern of excessive attention-seeking emotions

narcissistic personality disorder

Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance

Lacks empathy, overly self involved

borderline personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by lack of stability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotion; impulsivity; angry outbursts; intense fear of abandonment; recurring self-harming gestures

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

paranoid personality disorder

type of personality disorder characterized by extreme suspiciousness or mistrust of others

schizotypal personality disorder

a psychological disorder characterized by several traits that cause problems interpersonally, including constricted or inappropriate affect; magical thinking; and odd beliefs, speech, behavior, appearance, and perceptions

dependent personality disorder

A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and an ongoing need to be taken care of.

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

a personality disorder characterized by preoccupation with orderliness, perfection, and control