Earth Science

contains all the star systems, galaxies, gas and dust, plus all the matter and energy that exist now.

The Universe

american astronomer, who played a crucial role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as the leading observational cosmologist of the 20th century.

Edwin Hubble

displacement of the spectrum of an astronomical object toward longer (red) wavelengths

Redshift

the afterglow radiation from the big bang

cosmic microwave background

“everything is the same”

galaxies are not moving away from each other

no expansion or contraction

Steady State Theory

It began nearly 13.8 billion years ago with a MASSIVE EXPANSION

It started from a single point

Big Bang Theory

He said that the universe started as just a single point.

Georges Lemaitre

He noticed that other galaxies were moving away from each other as seen on earth

Edwin Hubble

He said that the universe keeps on stretching and expanding

Georges Lemaitre

In the beginning the universe is composed of…?

hot, tiny particles mixed with light and energy.

As the universe expanded what happened?

it cooled down.

agrees with the big bang theory

period of expansion and contraction

big bang- big crunch

Oscillating theory

formed around 4.5 to 4.6 billion years ago.

composed of sun and 8 planets.

the gravitationally bound system of the sun

Solar System

rogue star passed by the sun, gas and matter were removed from both stars and became planets.

Encounter

gas and dust contract due to gravity forming a disk that began to rotate forming within its center the protosun within the disk formed the planets

Nebular

a massive cloud of gas and dust rotated slowly in space, the cloud shrank under the pull of its gravitation

Protoplanet

the area around a star where it is not too hot and not too cold for liquid water to exist on the surface of surrounding planets

also called as goldilocks zone

Habitable zone

is the most accepted theory for the origin and evolution of the universe

Big Bang Theory

was formed a massive cloud of gas and dust that rotated slowly in space and shrank under the pull of its own gravitation.

Solar System

is habitable because of its location and distance from the sun is just right for liquid water to exist.

Earth

Characteristics of earth that enable life

Temperature, water, energy, atmosphere, and nutrients

it influences how quickly atoms, molecules or organisms move.

Temperature

the temperature range should be?

-15 to 115 degrees celsius

it is one of the important ingredients in the different biological processes

absence of this will interfere reactions necessary for life.

Water

earth has available energy-rich sunlight to support life

organisms use light or chemical energy to run their life processes.

Energy

it provided significant insulation or shielding from the sun and impact of small to medium size of meteorites

Atmosphere

it is an essential factor used to build and maintain organisms body structure

insufficient or absence of (blank) can impede synthesis of the different biological molecules.

Nutrients

is a set of interconnected components that are interacting to form a unified whole

System

is a complex system of interrelating physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Earth

also called as the “spheres of the earth”

Subsystem

set of physical, chemical, and biological systems that are interconnected by flows of mass and energy.

Earth Subsystem

it pertains to the solid part of the earth

Geosphere

“geos” means?

ground

is composed of all the water on earth in any form

Hydrosphere

“hydro” means?

water

permanently frozen part of this subsystem

Cryosphere

water on earth is constantly and consistently moving because of?

temperature and salinity

it is composed of all living things and the areas where they where found

it extends to the upper area of the atmoshphere and to the deep parts of the oceans.

Biosphere

“bios” means?

life

the processes that move matter and energy from one sphere to another

Sphere interaction

are non-living components; such as water, soil and atmosphere.

Abiotic

Any (blank) and (blank) in the flow of matter and energy many cause damage to any of the subsystems and its components.

Interference and disturbance

are naturally occuring substances that are harnessed and used by humans in everyday life

are present everywhere and some examples can be found at home.

Minerals

naturally occuring inorganic and homogeneous solid with definite chemical composition and crystalline structure.

Minerals

refers to the overall shape or growth pattern of the mineral

Crystal Habit

three dimensions of the mineral have about the same length like a cube or sphere

Equant

forms prismatic or prism-like crystals that are thicker than the needle as in a pencil

Elongate

looks like a flattened and thin crystals.

Platy

describes the appearance of a mineral when light is reflected from its surface

Luster

is opaque and very reflective like gold and silver

metallic luster

is dull, silky, greasy, and pearly like silicates.

Nonmetallic luster

refers to the tendency of minerals to break along very smooth, flat, and shiny surfaces.

Cleavage

may break along random, irregular surfaces.

Fracture

a measure of the minerals resistance to scratching

Hardness

in 1812 ranked mineralogist according to hardness scale for minerals

Friedrich Mohs

is used as a convenient way to help identify minerals

Mohs Hardness Scale

one of the most obvious properties of a mineral but not reliable alone.

Color

refers to the color of the mineral in its powdered form, which may or may not the same color as the minerals

Streak

ability to allow light to pass through it

Diaphaneity / Amount of transparency

describes the minerals reaction to stress

Tenacity

property of minerals that when hammered, result to powdered form or small crumbs

Brittleness

when minerals can be turned to sheets

Malleability

when minerals can be stretched into wire

Ductility

when minerals are bent but remained in the new position or appearance

Flexible but inelastic

when bent, it returns to its original appearance

Flexibke but elastic

to be sliced with a knife

Sectility

some minerals are attracted to a hand magnet

Magnetism

presence of very thin, parallel grooves

Striations

is the weight of the mineral divided by the weight of an equal volume of water

Specific Gravity

some minerals have distinct taste, odor and feel.

Taste, odor, feel