4.1 Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

prokaryote vs eukaryotes

P = very simple with DNA clustered and loosely coiled in nucleoid with no organelles

E = more complex with organelles - membrane bound structures that undergo specific functions for the cell

eukaryote

contain their genetic material inside a nucleus and have membrane-bound organelles

prokaryote

Unicellular organisms that do not have nuclei or other membrane-enclosed organelles. Includes Bacteria and Archaea

organelles

Any of the membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell. Examples include the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria

flagellum in both

P = made out of flagellin (protein) and tightly coiled in helix shape

E = has plasma membrane around flagellum and more complicated = much more efficient movement

nucleus

surrounded by double-membrane = nuclear envelope, annular pores throughout membrane with ribosomes attached to the outside

nucleolus

A small, generally spherical body found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. The site of synthesis of ribosomal RNA

chromosomes

P = the DNA molecule that contains most or all of the genetic information of the cell or virus.

E = a structure composed of DNA and proteins that bears part of the genetic information of the cell

chromatin

The nucleic acid–protein complex that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes

mitochondria

Energy-generating organelles in eu and carries out aerobic respiration - very folded inner membrane with folds called cristae = increases SA so can have a lot of activity

nuclear envelope

A double membrane that encloses the cell nucleus.

chloroplasts

contains enzymes and pigments that perform photosynthesis. only in eu - inner membrane forms complex network thylakoids. Pigments inside thylakoids

thylakoids

A flattened sac within a chloroplast and contains chlorophyll. Stacks form grana

endomembrane system

A system of intracellular membranes that exchange material with one another, consisting of the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, and lysosomes when present

vesicles

Mediates transport, secretion and degradation by shuttling proteins and lipids between the ER, golgi, plasma membranes, endosomes and lysosomes

endoplasmic reticulum

In cytoplasm of eu. 2 types rough ER studded with ribosomes and smooth ER lacking ribosomes.

RER - protein synthesis and processing

SER - lipid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and detoxification

golgi apparatus

cytoplasm of eu - Receives proteins and lipids via vesicles from ER = processes, modifies and packages for delivery to other compartments or secretion

cis face = receives, trans face = exit

lysosomes

In eu contains digestive enzymes to break down waste and recycle cellular components

phagocytosis

specialized cells engulf large particles or other cells, forming vesicles to digest the engulfed material

exocytosis

removal of materials via vesicles that fuse with membrane = releases contents outside cell

phagocytes

specialised cells involved in taking up and breaking down materials

cellular respiration

The biochemical process in which cells convert nutrients into energy (ATP) using oxygen, resulting in the production of carbon dioxide and water.

plastids

organelles found in plant cells that are involved in the synthesis and storage of food, such as chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

grana

Stack of thylakoids in chloroplasts where light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occur.

why do plant cells contain both mitochondria and chloroplasts?

mitochondria = cellular respiration chloroplasts = photosynthesis

vacuole

A membrane-enclosed organelle in plant cells that can function for storage, water concentration for turgor, or hydrolysis of stored macromolecules